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An agreement that treats the single raise of a minor suit as strong, and a double raise as preemptive. Invitation A bid which invites the partner to bid on to game or slam if he has extra values. It is a non-forcing bid by definition. Compare semi-forcing bid. IPBM International Popular Bridge Monthly, a British bridge magazine.
The forcing 1NT bid shows 6 to 12 HCP, denies the ability to make a single raise (but not necessarily an invitational raise), and denies holding four spades if the opening bid was 1 ♥; it must be announced as "forcing" by partner. As the forcing notrump creates problems of its own, a popular variation that overcomes these is the forcing next ...
The single or double raise promises at least five-card support for the minor. In the original version of K-S, and as further developed by Kaplan through the 1990s, both raises also deny a four-card major. This typical (but minimum) single raise in clubs is taken from the system book: [4] ♠ 765 ♥ K84 ♦ A5 ♣ Q9652.
The territory is integrated by two countries, Equatorial Guinea and Western Sahara (in dispute with Morocco), the territories of Spain which are geographically in Africa and in addition to the areas of Saharawi presence in Algeria. The countries have 1.9 million inhabitants, the Spanish territories 2.3 million and in total both have 4.3 million.
South Africa is the main market for Spain in Sub-Saharan Africa. In 2012 Spanish exports to South Africa accounted for 61.3% of total sales to the region. Traditionally, the bilateral balance has been negative for Spain, reaching its all-time high in 2008 with the deficit at €935M.
[22] [23] When countries impose tariffs and other sanctions on each other, game theory is used to analyze the costs and benefits. Prisoner's dilemma analysis shows that retaliatory tariffs can be beneficial by forcing negotiation and the mutual removal of trade barriers. [24] This tit for tat tariff strategy is common in the 21st century. [25]
The PALOP, highlighted in red. The Portuguese-speaking African countries (Portuguese: Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa; PALOP), also known as Lusophone Africa, consist of six African countries in which the Portuguese language is an official language: Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe and, since 2011, Equatorial Guinea. [1]
These French-speaking countries share more than just a language. Due to their common history as French colonies, they also share similar legal and socio-political systems. The countries in this group are Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, the Niger, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, and Togo. Nigeria