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An inversion is a chromosome rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome becomes inverted within its original position. An inversion occurs when a chromosome undergoes a two breaks within the chromosomal arm, and the segment between the two breaks inserts itself in the opposite direction in the same chromosome arm.
Arlequin is a free population genetics software distributed as an integrated GUI data analysis software. [1] It performs several types of tests and calculations, including Fixation index (F st, also known as the "F-statistics" [2]), computing genetic distance, Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, linkage disequilibrium, analysis of molecular variance, mismatch distribution, and pairwise difference tests.
For different genome types, different mutation types are suitable. Some mutations are Gaussian, Uniform, Zigzag, Scramble, Insertion, Inversion, Swap, and so on. [4] [5] [6] An overview and more operators than those presented below can be found in the introductory book by Eiben and Smith [7] or in. [3] [8]
Paternally-derived chromosome rearrangement psu dic: pseudo dicentric – only one centromere in a dicentric chromosome is active q: Long arm of a chromosome r: Ring chromosome t: Translocation: ter: Terminal end of arm (e.g. 2qter refers to the end of the long arm of chromosome 2) tri: Trisomy: trp: Triplication of a portion of a chromosome
The International System for Human Cytogenomic Nomenclature (ISCN; previously the International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature) is an international standard for human chromosome nomenclature, which includes band names, symbols, and abbreviated terms used in the description of human chromosome and chromosome abnormalities.
Gene conversion is the process by which one DNA sequence replaces a homologous sequence such that the sequences become identical after the conversion. [1] Gene conversion can be either allelic, meaning that one allele of the same gene replaces another allele, or ectopic, meaning that one paralogous DNA sequence converts another.
The component programs of phylip use several different formats, all of which are relatively simple. Programs for the analysis of DNA sequence alignments, protein sequence alignments, or discrete characters (e.g., morphological data) can accept those data in sequential or interleaved format, as shown below.
Chromosome engineering is "the controlled generation of chromosomal deletions, inversions, or translocations with defined endpoints." [ 1 ] By combining chromosomal translocation , chromosomal inversion , and chromosomal deletion , chromosome engineering has been shown to identify the underlying genes that cause certain diseases in mice.