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In calculus, the power rule is used to differentiate functions of the form () =, whenever is a real number. Since differentiation is a linear operation on the space of differentiable functions, polynomials can also be differentiated using this rule.
We begin with the properties that are immediate consequences of the definition as a power series: e 0 = I; exp(X T) = (exp X) T, where X T denotes the transpose of X. exp(X ∗) = (exp X) ∗, where X ∗ denotes the conjugate transpose of X. If Y is invertible then e YXY −1 = Ye X Y −1. The next key result is this one:
The most general power rule is the functional power rule: for any functions and , ′ = () ′ = (′ + ′ ), wherever both sides are well defined. Special cases: If f ( x ) = x a {\textstyle f(x)=x^{a}} , then f ′ ( x ) = a x a − 1 {\textstyle f'(x)=ax^{a-1}} when a {\textstyle a} is any nonzero real number and x {\textstyle x} is ...
A simple two-point estimation is to compute the slope of a nearby secant line through the points (x, f(x)) and (x + h, f(x + h)). [1] Choosing a small number h, h represents a small change in x, and it can be either positive or negative. The slope of this line is (+) ().
However, because integration is the inverse operation of differentiation, Lagrange's notation for higher order derivatives extends to integrals as well. Repeated integrals of f may be written as f ( − 1 ) ( x ) {\displaystyle f^{(-1)}(x)} for the first integral (this is easily confused with the inverse function f − 1 ( x ) {\displaystyle f ...
X = X(t) is a C 1 (continuously differentiable) path in the Lie algebra with derivative X′(t) = dX(t) / dt . The argument t is omitted where not needed. ad X is the linear transformation of the Lie algebra given by ad X (Y) = [X, Y]. It is the adjoint action of a Lie algebra on itself. The fraction 1 − exp(−ad X) / ad X is ...
Of course, the Jacobian matrix of the composition g ° f is a product of corresponding Jacobian matrices: J x (g ° f) =J ƒ(x) (g)J x (ƒ). This is a higher-dimensional statement of the chain rule. For real valued functions from R n to R (scalar fields), the Fréchet derivative corresponds to a vector field called the total derivative.
The proof of the general Leibniz rule [2]: 68–69 proceeds by induction. Let and be -times differentiable functions.The base case when = claims that: ′ = ′ + ′, which is the usual product rule and is known to be true.