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In 1980, the Japanese company, Sangi Co., Ltd., launched APADENT, the world's first remineralizing toothpaste to use a nano-form of hydroxyapatite, the main component of tooth enamel, rather than fluoride, to remineralize areas of mineral loss below the surface of tooth enamel (incipient caries lesions).
The tooth whitening endpoint does depend on the frequency of use and ingredients of the product. [1] Whitening gels are applied onto the tooth surface with a small brush. [1] The gels contain peroxide and are recommended to be applied twice a day for 14 days. [1] The tooth whitening endpoint like that of the whitening strips. [1]
It is a very hard, white to off-white, highly mineralised substance that acts as a barrier to protect the tooth but can become susceptible to degradation, especially by acids from food and drink. In rare circumstances enamel fails to form, leaving the underlying dentin exposed on the surface.