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In 2011, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) lowered the recommended level of fluoride to 0.7 mg/L. [51] In 2015, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), based on the recommendation of the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) for fluoridation of community water systems ...
The first place in America to receive fluoridated water was Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1945, when residents there became guinea pigs for the theory that boosting existing natural fluoride levels ...
Water had been fluoridated in Israel in all major cities since 1981. This was stopped by the Minister of Health in 2014 [82] which was met with backlash. [83] The subsequent Minister of Health in 2016 ordered the reintroduction of fluoride to Israel's public drinking water. [84] Due to budgetary constraints, it has never taken effect. [85]
The CDC recommends water fluoridation at a level of 0.7–1.2 mg/L, depending on climate. The CDC also advises parents to monitor use of fluoride toothpaste, and use an alternative water source other than a natural water source with a fluoride concentration above 2 mg/L, for children up to the age of 8.
The U.S. Public Health Service’s recommendation is a fluoride concentration of 0.7 mg/L of drinking water—and there were not enough data to determine if 0.7 mg/L of fluoride exposure in ...
In 2015, the U.S. Public Health Service, under the Department of Health and Human Services, set the optimal level of fluoride in water at 0.7 milligrams per liter — a level that, after decades ...
Water fluoridation is not mandatory, and while there is a recommended fluoride concentration in drinking water (0.7 milligrams per liter) from the CDC, that level is not an enforceable standard.
Water and food sources of fluoride include community water fluoridation, seafood, tea, and gelatin. [52] Soluble fluoride salts, of which sodium fluoride is the most common, are toxic, and have resulted in both accidental and self-inflicted deaths from acute poisoning. [4]