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Hungry or thirsty horses are more likely to eat poisonous plants, as are those pastured on overgrazed lands. [5] Animals with mineral deficiencies due to poor diets will sometimes seek out poisonous plants. [6] Poisonous plants are more of a danger to livestock after wildfires, as they often regrow more quickly. [7]
Beyond adverse effects from the herb itself, "adulteration, inappropriate formulation, or lack of understanding of plant and drug interactions have led to adverse reactions that are sometimes life threatening or lethal." [3]
Below is an extensive, if incomplete, list of plants containing one or more poisonous parts that pose a serious risk of illness, injury, or death to humans or domestic animals. There is significant overlap between plants considered poisonous and those with psychotropic properties , some of which are toxic enough to present serious health risks ...
Ingestion of silverleaf nightshade has been implicated as a cause of ivermectin toxicosis in horses given the recommended dosage of the drug. Metabolites from the plant are speculated to disrupt the blood–brain barrier , allowing ivermectin to enter and disrupt neurotransmitter function in the brain and spinal cord.
Side effects are not common, but the use of acepromazine in stallions should be used with caution (but is not absolutely contraindicated) due to the risk of paraphimosis and priapism. [ 6 ] Acepromazine also lowers blood pressure, and should therefore be used with caution in horses that are experiencing anemia , dehydration , shock , or colic .
It is poisonous to humans, [5] dogs, cats, and horses. [13] All parts of the plant are toxic, and the plant contains cardiac glycosides. [5] The plant is toxic both green and dried. [14] The stems contain a white sap capable of causing skin blisters. [15]
Poisoning from cantharidin is a significant veterinary concern, especially in horses, but it can also be poisonous to humans if taken internally (where the source is usually experimental self-exposure). Externally, cantharidin is a potent vesicant (blistering agent), exposure to which can cause severe chemical burns.
Adverse effects are usually transient; severe effects are rare and probably occur only with substantial overdose, but include coma, hypotension, and respiratory failure, which can lead to death. No specific therapy exists, but symptomatic management usually leads to a favorable prognosis.