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  2. Lotka–Volterra equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotka–Volterra_equations

    The Lotka–Volterra system of equations is an example of a Kolmogorov population model (not to be confused with the better known Kolmogorov equations), [ 2 ][ 3 ][ 4 ] which is a more general framework that can model the dynamics of ecological systems with predator–prey interactions, competition, disease, and mutualism.

  3. Evolutionarily stable strategy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionarily_stable_strategy

    Hawk-dove. An evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) is a strategy (or set of strategies) that is impermeable when adopted by a population in adaptation to a specific environment, that is to say it cannot be displaced by an alternative strategy (or set of strategies) which may be novel or initially rare. Introduced by John Maynard Smith and ...

  4. Evolutionary game theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory

    Evolutionary game theory analyses Darwinian mechanisms with a system model with three main components – population, game, and replicator dynamics. The system process has four phases: 1) The model (as evolution itself) deals with a population (Pn). The population will exhibit variation among competing individuals.

  5. Ecological economics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_economics

    e. Ecological economics, bioeconomics, ecolonomy, eco-economics, or ecol-econ is both a transdisciplinary and an interdisciplinary field of academic research addressing the interdependence and coevolution of human economies and natural ecosystems, both intertemporally and spatially. [ 1 ] By treating the economy as a subsystem of Earth's larger ...

  6. Cooperation (evolution) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperation_(evolution)

    Evolutionary biology portal. Category. v. t. e. In evolution, cooperation is the process where groups of organisms work or act together for common or mutual benefits. It is commonly defined as any adaptation that has evolved, at least in part, to increase the reproductive success of the actor's social partners. [ 1 ]

  7. Evolutionary biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biology

    Category. v. t. e. Darwin's finches. Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes (natural selection, common descent, speciation) that produced the diversity of life on Earth. It is also defined as the study of the history of life forms on Earth.

  8. Cell cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle

    The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of four distinct phases: G 1 phase, S phase (synthesis), G 2 phase (collectively known as interphase) and M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). M phase is itself composed of two tightly coupled processes: mitosis, in which the cell's nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, in which the cell's cytoplasm and cell membrane divides forming two daughter cells.

  9. NYT ‘Connections’ Hints and Answers Today, Saturday, October 5

    www.aol.com/nyt-connections-hints-answers-today...

    Hints About Today's NYT Connections Categories on Saturday, October 5. 1. This category is related to beef. 2. These items are worn beneath your clothes. 3. Related to teeth and dental care. 4 ...