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  2. Fidelity of quantum states - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelity_of_quantum_states

    Fidelity is symmetric in its arguments, i.e. F (ρ,σ) = F (σ,ρ). Note that this is not obvious from the original definition. F (ρ,σ) lies in [0,1], by the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality. F (ρ,σ) = 1 if and only if ρ = σ, since Ψ ρ = Ψ σ implies ρ = σ. So we can see that fidelity behaves almost like a metric.

  3. Fidelity again downgrades estimated valuation of Musk-owned X

    www.aol.com/finance/fidelity-again-downgrades...

    The mutual fund giant — and X investor — estimates that the social media platform is worth 71.5% less than the $44 billion Musk bought it for in 2022. Fidelity again downgrades estimated ...

  4. Glossary of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical...

    For example, saying "the absolute value is denoted by | · |" is perhaps clearer than saying that it is denoted as | |. ± (plus–minus sign) 1. Denotes either a plus sign or a minus sign. 2. Denotes the range of values that a measured quantity may have; for example, 10 ± 2 denotes an unknown value that lies between 8 and 12.

  5. Big M method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_M_method

    The Big M method introduces surplus and artificial variables to convert all inequalities into that form. The "Big M" refers to a large number associated with the artificial variables, represented by the letter M. The steps in the algorithm are as follows: Multiply the inequality constraints to ensure that the right hand side is positive.

  6. Lehman Formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehman_Formula

    An occasional variant used in the 1990s was the Double Lehman formula, which doubled the percentages but skipped odd numbers. 10% of the first $1 million, plus; 8% of the second $1 million, plus; 6% of the third $1 million, plus; 4% of the fourth $1 million, plus; 2% of everything above $4 million.

  7. Expression (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_(mathematics)

    For example, + and () = + define the function that associates to each number its square plus one. An expression with no variables would define a constant function . In this way, two expressions are said to be equivalent if, for each combination of values for the free variables, they have the same output, i.e., they represent the same function.

  8. Power Query - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Query

    Power Query is built on what was then [when?] a new query language called M. It is a mashup language (hence the letter M) designed to create queries that mix together data. It is similar to the F# programming language, and according to Microsoft it is a "mostly pure, higher-order, dynamically typed, partially lazy, functional language."

  9. Hat notation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat_notation

    In statistics, a circumflex (ˆ), called a "hat", is used to denote an estimator or an estimated value. [1] For example, in the context of errors and residuals, the "hat" over the letter ^ indicates an observable estimate (the residuals) of an unobservable quantity called (the statistical errors).