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  2. Substitution cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_cipher

    In a transposition cipher, the units of the plaintext are rearranged in a different and usually quite complex order, but the units themselves are left unchanged. By contrast, in a substitution cipher, the units of the plaintext are retained in the same sequence in the ciphertext, but the units themselves are altered.

  3. S-box - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-box

    In cryptography, an S-box (substitution-box) is a basic component of symmetric key algorithms which performs substitution. In block ciphers, they are typically used to obscure the relationship between the key and the ciphertext, thus ensuring Shannon's property of confusion. Mathematically, an S-box is a nonlinear [1] vectorial Boolean function ...

  4. Transposition cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition_cipher

    A cipher used by the Zodiac Killer, called "Z-340", organized into triangular sections with substitution of 63 different symbols for the letters and diagonal "knight move" transposition, remained unsolved for over 51 years, until an international team of private citizens cracked it on December 5, 2020, using specialized software.

  5. Confusion and diffusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusion_and_diffusion

    Although ciphers can be confusion-only (substitution cipher, one-time pad) or diffusion-only (transposition cipher), any "reasonable" block cipher uses both confusion and diffusion. [2] These concepts are also important in the design of cryptographic hash functions , and pseudorandom number generators , where decorrelation of the generated ...

  6. Permutation box - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permutation_box

    An example of a 64-bit "expansion" P-box which spreads the input S-boxes to as many output S-boxes as possible. In block ciphers based on substitution-permutation network , the P-boxes, together with the "substitution" S-boxes are used to make the relation between the plaintext and the ciphertext difficult to understand (see Shannon's Confusion ...

  7. Caesar cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_cipher

    The cipher illustrated here uses a left shift of 3, so that (for example) each occurrence of E in the plaintext becomes B in the ciphertext. In cryptography, a Caesar cipher, also known as Caesar's cipher, the shift cipher, Caesar's code, or Caesar shift, is one of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques.

  8. Rijndael S-box - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijndael_S-box

    The Rijndael S-box can be replaced in the Rijndael cipher, [1] which defeats the suspicion of a backdoor built into the cipher that exploits a static S-box. The authors claim that the Rijndael cipher structure is likely to provide enough resistance against differential and linear cryptanalysis even if an S-box with "average" correlation ...

  9. ROT13 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROT13

    ROT13 is a simple letter substitution cipher that replaces a letter with the 13th letter after it in the Latin alphabet. ROT13 is a special case of the Caesar cipher which was developed in ancient Rome, used by Julius Caesar in the 1st century BC. [1] An early entry on the Timeline of cryptography.