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2. Eddy (fluid dynamics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)

   Reynolds Experiment (1883). Osborne Reynolds standing beside his apparatus. In 1883, scientist Osborne Reynolds conducted a fluid dynamics experiment involving water and dye, where he adjusted the velocities of the fluids and observed the transition from laminar to turbulent flow, characterized by the formation of eddies and vortices. [5]

3. Circulation (physics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulation_(physics)

   The circulation Γ of a vector field V around a closed curve C is the line integral: [3] [4] =. In a conservative vector field this integral evaluates to zero for every closed curve. That means that a line integral between any two points in the field is independent of the path taken.

4. Volumetric flow rate - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate

   The area required to calculate the volumetric flow rate is real or imaginary, flat or curved, either as a cross-sectional area or a surface. The vector area is a combination of the magnitude of the area through which the volume passes through, A , and a unit vector normal to the area, n ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {n} }}} .

5. Vorticity - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorticity

   Vorticity is useful for understanding how ideal potential flow solutions can be perturbed to model real flows. In general, the presence of viscosity causes a diffusion of vorticity away from the vortex cores into the general flow field; this flow is accounted for by a diffusion term in the vorticity transport equation.

6. Chemistry - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry

   Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. [1] It is a physical science within the natural sciences that studies the chemical elements that make up matter and compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during reactions with other substances.

7. Surface area - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_area

   A sphere of radius r has surface area 4πr 2.. The surface area (symbol A) of a solid object is a measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies. [1] The mathematical definition of surface area in the presence of curved surfaces is considerably more involved than the definition of arc length of one-dimensional curves, or of the surface area for polyhedra (i.e., objects with ...

8. Convection - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection

   Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air, and is a means by which thermal energy is distributed on the surface of the Earth, together with the much slower (lagged) ocean circulation system. The large-scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the basic climatological structure remains fairly ...

9. Solution (chemistry) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)

   Making a saline water solution by dissolving table salt in water.The salt is the solute and the water the solvent. In chemistry, a solution is defined by IUPAC as "A liquid or solid phase containing more than one substance, when for convenience one (or more) substance, which is called the solvent, is treated differently from the other substances, which are called solutes.