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A key part of bank regulation is to make sure that firms operating in the industry are prudently managed. The aim is to protect the firms themselves, their customers, the government (which is liable for the cost of deposit insurance in the event of a bank failure) and the economy, by establishing rules to make sure that these institutions hold enough capital to ensure continuation of a safe ...
The number of enterprises is small, entry and exit from the market are restricted, product attributes are different, and the demand curve is downward sloping and relatively inelastic. Oligopolies are usually found in industries in which initial capital requirements are high and existing companies have strong foothold in market share. Monopoly:
Directive 2010/76/EU was to be implemented in two phases. The first, which affects the remuneration provisions, as well as a number of other ones dealing with the extension of some pre-existing minimum capital requirements, had to be implemented by 1 January 2011. The remaining provisions had to be implemented by 31 December 2011.
Basel I is the first Basel Accord.It arose from deliberations by central bankers from major countries during the late 1970s and 1980s. In 1988, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) in Basel, Switzerland, published a set of minimum capital requirements for banks.
For example, the cost to develop a factory and obtain the initial capital required for manufacturing can be seen as a structural barrier to entry. A strategic barrier to entry is a cost incurred by new entrants that is artificially created or enhanced by existing firms. [ 4 ]
The Modigliani–Miller theorem (of Franco Modigliani, Merton Miller) is an influential element of economic theory; it forms the basis for modern thinking on capital structure. [1] The basic theorem states that in the absence of taxes , bankruptcy costs, agency costs , and asymmetric information , and in an efficient market , the enterprise ...
Here, α is a "multiplier" of 1.4, acting as a buffer to ensure sufficient coverage; and: RC is the "Replacement Cost" were the counterparty to default today: the current exposure, i.e. mark-to-market of all trades, is aggregated by counterparty, and then netted-off with haircutted-collateral.
In many countries this is the only approach regulators approved in the initial phase of Basel II implementation. The Basel II accord proposes to permit banks a choice between two broad methodologies for calculating their capital requirements for credit risk. The other alternative is based on internal ratings.