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Trifluralin is a common pre-emergent selective herbicide, a dinitroaniline.With about 14 million pounds (6,400 t) used in the United States in 2001, [3] and 3–7 million pounds (1,400–3,200 t) in 2012, [4] it is one of the most widely used herbicides.
Chlorpyrifos (CPS), also known as chlorpyrifos ethyl, is an organophosphate pesticide that has been used on crops, and animals in buildings, and in other settings, to kill several pests, including insects and worms. It acts on the nervous systems of insects by inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase enzyme.
Because grass grub build up large colonies in the soil, disease can spread quickly and be devastating to the population. The most common disease of the New Zealand Grass Grub is Amber disease. Amber disease is a chronic infection of the stomach of grass grub larvae, and is caused by two strains of bacteria, Serratia entomophila and S ...
There are two types of pyrethroids: those with and without α-cyanogroup. The neurotoxicity of bifenthrin is based on the affinity to the voltage-gated sodium channels (in insects as well as mammals). The pyrethroids with an α-cyanogroup block the sodium-channel permanently, causing the membrane to be permanently hyperpolarized.
Carbofuran is a carbamate insecticide, banned in the US, the EU and Canada but still widely used in South America, Australia and Asia. [6] It is a systemic insecticide, which means that the plant absorbs it through the roots, and from there the plant distributes it throughout its organs where insecticidal concentrations are attained.
Moxidectin is an anthelmintic drug used in animals to prevent or control parasitic worms , such as heartworm and intestinal worms, in dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep and wombats. [4] Moxidectin kills some of the most common internal and external parasites by selectively binding to a parasite's glutamate-gated chloride ion channels .
The law restricted the use of imidacloprid, clothianidin and thiamethoxam for seed treatment, soil application (granules) and foliar treatment in crops attractive to bees. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Temporary suspensions had previously been enacted in France, Germany, and Italy. [ 68 ]
Treatment efficiency is influenced by health, maturity and population abundance of the earthworms. Abundance is a fundamental parameter for efficient operation of a vermifiltration system. [ 28 ] Different values are reported in the literature, usually in grams or number of individuals per volume of filter packing or surface area of filter packing.