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  2. Privileges and Immunities Clause - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privileges_and_Immunities...

    In the federal circuit court case of Corfield v.Coryell, [1] Justice Bushrod Washington wrote in 1823 that the protections provided by the clause are confined to privileges and immunities which are, "in their nature, fundamental; which belong, of right, to the citizens of all free governments; and which have, at all times, been enjoyed by the citizens of the several states which compose this ...

  3. Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to...

    The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments.Usually considered one of the most consequential amendments, it addresses citizenship rights and equal protection under the law and was proposed in response to issues related to formerly enslaved Americans following the American Civil War.

  4. Most favoured nation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_favoured_nation

    Most favoured nation status is given to an international trade partner to ensure non-discriminatory trade between all partner countries of the WTO. A country which provides MFN status to another country has to provide concessions, privileges, and immunity in trade agreements. It is the first clause in the GATT.

  5. Social privilege - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_privilege

    Social privilege is an advantage or entitlement that benefits individuals belonging to certain groups, often to the detriment of others. Privileged groups can be advantaged based on social class, wealth, education, caste, age, height, skin color, physical fitness, nationality, geographic location, cultural differences, ethnic or racial category, gender, gender identity, neurodiversity ...

  6. Social status - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_status

    Social status is the relative level of social value a person is considered to possess. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Such social value includes respect, honor , assumed competence, and deference. [ 3 ] On one hand, social scientists view status as a "reward" for group members who treat others well and take initiative. [ 4 ]

  7. Class: A Guide Through the American Status System - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class:_A_Guide_Through_the...

    Fussell argues that social class in the United States is more complex in structure than simply three (upper, middle, and lower) classes.According to Bruce Weber, writing for the New York Times, Fussell divided American society into nine strata — from the idle rich, which he called "the top out-of-sight," to the institutionalized and imprisoned, which he labeled "the bottom out-of-sight."

  8. Civil and political rights - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights

    These movements had a legal and constitutional aspect, and resulted in much law-making at both national and international levels. They also had an activist side, particularly in situations where violations of rights were widespread. Movements with the proclaimed aim of securing observance of civil and political rights included:

  9. Equal Protection Clause - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause

    Congressman John Bingham of Ohio was the principal framer of the Equal Protection Clause.. Though equality under the law is an American legal tradition arguably dating to the Declaration of Independence, [5] formal equality for many groups remained elusive.