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Homoscleromorpha is phylogenetically well separated from Demospongiae. [4] Therefore, it has been recognized as the fourth class of sponges. [5] [6]It has been suggested that Homoscleromorpha are more closely related to eumetazoans than to the other sponge groups, rendering sponges paraphyletic. [7]
Sponges were traditionally distributed in three classes: calcareous sponges (Calcarea), glass sponges (Hexactinellida) and demosponges (Demospongiae). However, studies have now shown that the Homoscleromorpha , a group thought to belong to the Demospongiae , has a genetic relationship well separated from other sponge classes.
This milestone publication provided an updated comprehensive overview of sponge systematics, the largest revision of this group (from genera, subfamilies, families, suborders, orders and class) since the start of spongiology in the mid-19th century. In this large revision, the extant Demospongiae were organized into 14 orders that encompassed ...
Hexactinellida is one of four classes of phylum Porifera. [4] Hexactinellida can exist in many different forms and shapes: sac, vase, blade, and branching. Hexactinellida is distinguished from the other three classes of sponge for its siliceous skeletal arrangements (spicules), triaxonic symmetry (six-rayed spicules or hexactins), and its huge ...
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The algae help facilitate oxygen and food uptake for the sponge, while the sponge provides the algae a surface to live on. The gemmules of Spongilla lacustris inside the original parent sponge. The texture of the sponge itself is soft. The ostia (dermal pores) let water into the sponge to be filtered. The oscula is the hole from which water exits.
Hexactinellid sponges are sponges with a skeleton made of four- and/or six-pointed siliceous spicules, often referred to as glass sponges. They are usually classified along with other sponges in the phylum Porifera , but some researchers consider them sufficiently distinct to deserve their own phylum, Symplasma .
Water carried into the mantle eventually returns to the surface in eruptions at mid-ocean ridges and hotspots. [131]: 646 Estimates of the amount of water in the mantle range from 1 ⁄ 4 to 4 times the water in the ocean. [131]: 630–634 The deep carbon cycle is the movement of carbon through the Earth's mantle and core.
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