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  2. Chlorine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine

    Small batches of chlorine gas are prepared in the laboratory by combining hydrochloric acid and manganese dioxide, but the need rarely arises due to its ready availability. In industry, elemental chlorine is usually produced by the electrolysis of sodium chloride dissolved in water.

  3. List of gases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gases

    This list is sorted by boiling point of gases in ascending order, but can be sorted on different values. "sub" and "triple" refer to the sublimation point and the triple point, which are given in the case of a substance that sublimes at 1 atm; "dec" refers to decomposition. "~" means approximately.

  4. Halogen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen

    The halogens (/ ˈ h æ l ə dʒ ə n, ˈ h eɪ-,-l oʊ-,-ˌ dʒ ɛ n / [1] [2] [3]) are a group in the periodic table consisting of six chemically related elements: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and the radioactive elements astatine (At) and tennessine (Ts), though some authors [4] would exclude tennessine as its chemistry is unknown and is theoretically expected to ...

  5. Gas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas

    Drifting smoke particles indicate the movement of the surrounding gas.. Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter.The others are solid, liquid, and plasma. [1] A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. carbon dioxide).

  6. Halogenation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenation

    Such reagents include cobalt trifluoride, chlorine trifluoride, and iodine pentafluoride. [4] The method electrochemical fluorination is used commercially for the production of perfluorinated compounds. It generates small amounts of elemental fluorine in situ from hydrogen fluoride. The method avoids the hazards of handling fluorine gas.

  7. Nascent state (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nascent_state_(chemistry)

    Nascent state or in statu nascendi (Lat. newly formed moiety: in the state of being born or just emerging), is an obsolete theory in chemistry.It refers to the form of a chemical element (or sometimes compound) in the instance of their liberation or formation.

  8. Standard state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_state

    The standard state of a material (pure substance, mixture or solution) is a reference point used to calculate its properties under different conditions.A degree sign (°) or a superscript Plimsoll symbol (⦵) is used to designate a thermodynamic quantity in the standard state, such as change in enthalpy (ΔH°), change in entropy (ΔS°), or change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG°).

  9. Color of chemicals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_of_chemicals

    However, elemental colors will vary depending on what they are complexed with, often as well as their chemical state. An example with vanadium ... Chlorine: Cl 2 ...