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While the value of the cells is commonly the raw count of a given term, there are various schemes for weighting the raw counts such as row normalizing (i.e. relative frequency/proportions) and tf-idf. Terms are commonly single words separated by whitespace or punctuation on either side (a.k.a. unigrams).
The statistical treatment of count data is distinct from that of binary data, in which the observations can take only two values, usually represented by 0 and 1, and from ordinal data, which may also consist of integers but where the individual values fall on an arbitrary scale and only the relative ranking is important. [example needed]
Sometimes values are reported without the normalizing denominator, for example 0.067 = 1.73/26 for English; such values may be called κ p ("kappa-plaintext") rather than IC, with κ r ("kappa-random") used to denote the denominator 1/c (which is the expected coincidence rate for a uniform distribution of the same alphabet, 0.0385=1/26 for ...
Here input is the input array to be sorted, key returns the numeric key of each item in the input array, count is an auxiliary array used first to store the numbers of items with each key, and then (after the second loop) to store the positions where items with each key should be placed, k is the maximum value of the non-negative key values and ...
The two most common representations are column-oriented (columnar format) and row-oriented (row format). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The choice of data orientation is a trade-off and an architectural decision in databases , query engines, and numerical simulations. [ 1 ]
Index numbers are used especially to compare business activity, the cost of living, and employment. They enable economists to reduce unwieldy business data into easily understood terms. In contrast to a cost-of-living index based on the true but unknown utility function, a superlative index number is an index number that can be calculated. [1]
The values are usually used to index a fixed-size table called a hash table. Use of a hash function to index a hash table is called hashing or scatter-storage addressing . Hash functions and their associated hash tables are used in data storage and retrieval applications to access data in a small and nearly constant time per retrieval.
[6] [7] [8] Index Copernicus has also become the object of study [9] [10] [11] in context of scientific predatory practices. One researcher that stings predatory publishers by publishing fictitious papers (accepted without review by the publishers) says that journals that show the Index Copernicus on their web site are most likely predatory.