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The valgus stress test or medial stress test is a test for damage to the medial collateral ligament of the knee. It involves placing the leg into extension, with one hand placed as a pivot on the knee. With the other hand placed upon the foot applying an abducting force, an attempt is then made to force the leg at the knee into valgus. If the ...
Valgus stress test can be performed with the examined knee in 25 degrees flexion to determine the integrity of the medial collateral ligament. Similarly, varus stress test can be performed to access the integrity of the lateral collateral ligament. The degree of collateral ligament sprain can also be assessed during the valgus and varus tests.
The valgus stress test is performed on both arms and a positive test is indicated by pain on the affected arm that is not present on the uninvolved side. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Physicians often use imaging techniques such as ultrasound , x-rays and magnetic resonance imaging or arthroscopic surgery to aid with making a proper diagnosis.
The McMurray test is named after Thomas Porter McMurray, [2] a British orthopedic surgeon from the late nineteenth and early twentieth century who was the first to describe this test. The description of the test has since been altered from the original by various authors. [3] Most commonly, varus and valgus stress to the knee is added. These ...
Valgus stress test; W. Waddell's signs; Watson's test This page was last edited on 9 April 2018, at 20:11 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons ...
While maintaining internal rotation, a valgus force is applied to the knee while it is slowly flexed. If the tibia's position on the femur reduces as the knee is flexed in the range of 30 to 40 degrees or if there is an anterior subluxation felt during extension the test is positive for instability. Pivot-shift is not straightforward to perform.
On projectional radiography, the degree of varus or valgus deformity can be quantified by the hip-knee-ankle angle, [7] which is an angle between the femoral mechanical axis and the center of the ankle joint. [8] It is normally between 1.0° and 1.5° of varus in adults. [9] Normal ranges are different in children. [10]
Damage to the meniscus due to rotational forces directed to a flexed knee (as may occur with twisting sports) is the usual underlying mechanism of injury. A valgus force applied to a flexed knee with the foot planted and the femur rotated internally can result in a medial meniscus tear. A varus force applied to the flexed knee when the foot is ...