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  2. Law of definite proportions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_definite_proportions

    The law of definite proportion was given by Joseph Proust in 1797. [2]I shall conclude by deducing from these experiments the principle I have established at the commencement of this memoir, viz. that iron like many other metals is subject to the law of nature which presides at every true combination, that is to say, that it unites with two constant proportions of oxygen.

  3. Micelle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micelle

    The shape and size of a micelle are a function of the molecular geometry of its surfactant molecules and solution conditions such as surfactant concentration, temperature, pH, and ionic strength. The process of forming micelles is known as micellisation and forms part of the phase behaviour of many lipids according to their polymorphism .

  4. Hydrazoic acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrazoic_acid

    Solutions of hydrazoic acid dissolve many metals (e.g. zinc, iron) with liberation of hydrogen and formation of salts, which are called azides (formerly also called azoimides or hydrazoates). Hydrazoic acid may react with carbonyl derivatives, including aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids, to give an amine or amide, with expulsion of nitrogen.

  5. Vectorization (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vectorization_(mathematics)

    The vectorization is frequently used together with the Kronecker product to express matrix multiplication as a linear transformation on matrices. In particular, ⁡ = ⁡ for matrices A, B, and C of dimensions k×l, l×m, and m×n.

  6. Calcium carbonate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonate

    where the solubility product for [Ca 2+][CO 2− 3] is given as anywhere from K sp = 3.7 × 10 −9 to K sp = 8.7 × 10 −9 at 25 °C, depending upon the data source. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] What the equation means is that the product of molar concentration of calcium ions ( moles of dissolved Ca 2+ per liter of solution) with the molar concentration of ...

  7. Approximate Bayesian computation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximate_Bayesian...

    This work was followed by an applied study on modeling the variation in human Y chromosome by Jonathan K. Pritchard and co-authors using the ABC method. [8] Finally, the term approximate Bayesian computation was established by Mark Beaumont and co-authors, [ 9 ] extending further the ABC methodology and discussing the suitability of the ABC ...

  8. abc conjecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abc_conjecture

    Dąbrowski (1996) has shown that the abc conjecture implies that the Diophantine equation n! + A = k 2 has only finitely many solutions for any given integer A. There are ~ c f N positive integers n ≤ N for which f ( n )/B' is square-free, with c f > 0 a positive constant defined as: [ 21 ]

  9. Ocean thermal energy conversion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy...

    [6] [7] The system generated 22 kW of electricity with a low-pressure turbine. [8] The plant was later destroyed in a storm. [9] In 1935, Claude constructed a plant aboard a 10,000-ton cargo vessel moored off the coast of Brazil. Weather and waves destroyed it before it could generate net power. [8] (Net power is the amount of power generated ...