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In chemistry and biology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemicals formed from diatomic oxygen (O 2), water, and hydrogen peroxide. Some prominent ROS are hydroperoxide (O 2 H), superoxide (O 2 −), [1] hydroxyl radical (OH.), and singlet oxygen. [2] ROS are pervasive because they are readily produced from O 2, which is ...
The products of this subsequent reduction of molecular oxygen are what are referred to as reactive oxygen species. Thus, the production of ROS is in direct proportion to the concentration of O 2 in the system, with increases of O 2 leading to higher production of ROS. [28] There are three main reactive oxygen species: the superoxide anion (O 2 ...
Production of mitochondrial ROS, mitochondrial ROS. Mitochondrial ROS (mtROS or mROS) are reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are produced by mitochondria. [1] [2] [3] Generation of mitochondrial ROS mainly takes place at the electron transport chain located on the inner mitochondrial membrane during the process of oxidative phosphorylation.
As a member of the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family, this protein transforms toxic superoxide, a byproduct of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, into hydrogen peroxide and diatomic oxygen. [5] This function allows SOD2 to clear mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, as a result, confer protection against cell death. [7]
Termination can occur when two lipid hydroperoxyl radicals (LOO•) react to form peroxide and oxygen (O 2). [3] [clarification needed] Termination can also occur when the concentration of radical species is high. [citation needed] The primary products of lipid peroxidation are lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH). [3]
Respiratory burst (or oxidative burst) is the rapid release of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide anion (O − 2) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), from different cell types. This is usually utilised for mammalian immunological defence, but also plays a role in cell signalling.
OGG1 is the primary enzyme responsible for the excision of 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), a mutagenic base byproduct that occurs as a result of exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS). OGG1 is a bifunctional glycosylase, as it is able to both cleave the glycosidic bond of the mutagenic lesion and cause a strand break in the DNA backbone.
8-Oxoguanine (8-hydroxyguanine, 8-oxo-Gua, or OH 8 Gua) is one of the most common DNA lesions resulting from reactive oxygen species [2] modifying guanine, and can result in a mismatched pairing with adenine resulting in G to T and C to A substitutions in the genome. [3] In humans, it is primarily repaired by DNA glycosylase OGG1.
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