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These tiny creatures are virtually indestructible. They have been known to survive in temperatures as low as -328°F and as high as 304°F as well as in toxic chemicals, radiation, boiling alcohol ...
[16] [22] Despite tardigrades' ability to survive in space, they would still need food, lacking on the moon, to be able to grow and reproduce. [23] The possibility that tardigrades survived the crash attracted concern about contamination of the Moon with biological material. [ 24 ]
Tardigrades feed by sucking animal or plant cell fluids, or on detritus. A pair of stylets pierce the prey; the pharynx muscles then pump the fluids from the prey into the gut. A pair of salivary glands secrete a digestive fluid into the mouth, and produce replacement stylets each time the animal moults. [ 3 ]
Hypersensitive response (HR) is a mechanism used by plants to prevent the spread of infection by microbial pathogens.HR is characterized by the rapid death of cells in the local region surrounding an infection and it serves to restrict the growth and spread of pathogens to other parts of the plant.
Plant disease resistance is crucial to the reliable production of food, and it provides significant reductions in agricultural use of land, water, fuel, and other inputs. Plants in both natural and cultivated populations carry inherent disease resistance, but this has not always protected them.
Antagonism (in phytopathology) occurs when one organism inhibits or slows down the growth of a plant disease-causing organism, such as harmful bacteria or fungi. [1] Most plants can host a variety of pathogens and are often infected by multiple species simultaneously. [2]
[3] Many forms of stimulus have been found to induce the plant to the virus, bacteria and fungi and other disease resistance including mechanical factors (dry ice damage, electromagnetic, ultraviolet, and low temperature and high temperature treatment, etc.), chemical factors (heavy metal salts, water, salicylic acid), and biological factors ...
Injury in plants is damage caused by other organisms or by the non-living (abiotic) environment to plants. Animals that commonly cause injury to plants include insects, mites, nematodes, and herbivorous mammals; damage may also be caused by plant pathogens including fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Abiotic factors that can damage plants include ...