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A finite group has constant growth—that is, polynomial growth of order 0—and this includes fundamental groups of manifolds whose universal cover is compact. If M is a closed negatively curved Riemannian manifold then its fundamental group has exponential growth rate.
A supernormal stimulus or superstimulus is an exaggerated version of a stimulus to which there is an existing response tendency, or any stimulus that elicits a response more strongly than the stimulus for which it evolved.
The growth rate of a group is a well-defined notion from asymptotic analysis. To say that a finitely generated group has polynomial growth means the number of elements of length at most n (relative to a symmetric generating set) is bounded above by a polynomial function p(n). The order of growth is then the least degree of any such polynomial ...
r = the population growth rate, which Ronald Fisher called the Malthusian parameter of population growth in The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, [2] and Alfred J. Lotka called the intrinsic rate of increase, [3] [4] t = time. The model can also be written in the form of a differential equation: =
where is the rate of growth, ∆G = E in – E out, A out, A 0 out are frequencies to go in or out of crystal for any given molecule on the surface, h is the height of the molecule in the growth direction and C 0 the concentration of the molecules in direct distance from the surface.
For example, with an annual growth rate of 4.8% the doubling time is 14.78 years, and a doubling time of 10 years corresponds to a growth rate between 7% and 7.5% (actually about 7.18%). When applied to the constant growth in consumption of a resource, the total amount consumed in one doubling period equals the total amount consumed in all ...
In fact, third-quarter GDP growth was revised up to 3.1% from an earlier reading of 2.8%, due in part to more consumer spending. "But every hero has a fatal flaw," Sharma wrote.
For any fixed b not equal to 1 (e.g. e or 2), the growth rate is given by the non-zero time τ. For any non-zero time τ the growth rate is given by the dimensionless positive number b. Thus the law of exponential growth can be written in different but mathematically equivalent forms, by using a different base.