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The earliest period of Māori settlement is known as the "Archaic", "Moahunter" or "Colonisation" period. The eastern Polynesian ancestors of the Māori arrived in a forested land with abundant birdlife, including several now extinct moa species weighing between 20 kilograms (44 lb) and 250 kg (550 lb) each.
Starting in the 1920s, H. D. Skinner and others overturned the hypothesis about a pre-Māori people by showing the continuation and adaptation of the 'Archaic' Māori culture into the 'Classic' Māori culture. This negated the need for pre-Māori settlement in models of prehistoric New Zealand.
Sex within Māori culture was an open discussion, people chose their own sexual partners and 'accepted that sex before marriage occurred'. [49] In Māori society assault on a woman was a serious offence [50] different to English laws. Before 1896 under English law the age of consent was 12 years old and incest was not considered a crime.
The earliest period of Māori settlement, known as the "Archaic", "Moahunter" or "Colonisation" period, dates from the time of arrival to c. 1500. The early Māori diet included an abundance of moa and other large birds and fur seals that had never been hunted before.
Māori culture had meanwhile undergone a renaissance thanks in part to politician Āpirana Ngata. [181] By the 1980s 80% of the Māori population was urban, in contrast to only 20% before the Second World War. The migration led to better pay, higher standards of living and longer schooling, but also exposed problems of racism and discrimination.
However, starting slowly in the 1870s detailed research answered questions about human culture, that have international relevance and wide public interest. [ 3 ] Archaeology has, along with oral traditions, defined New Zealand's prehistory ( c. 1300 – c. 1642 ) and protohistory ( c. 1642 – c. 1800 ) and has been a valuable aid in solving ...
Tikanga is a Māori term for Māori law, customary law, attitudes and principles, and also for the indigenous legal system which all iwi abided by prior to the colonisation of New Zealand. Te Aka Māori Dictionary defines it as "customary system of values and practices that have developed over time and are deeply embedded in the social context ...
The Moriori were hunter-gatherers [22] who lived on the Chatham Islands in isolation from the outside world until the arrival of HMS Chatham in 1791. They came to the Chathams from mainland New Zealand, which means they were descendants from the Polynesian settlers who had initially settled in New Zealand – the same Polynesians from which Māori had also descended.