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  2. Pauli matrices - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_matrices

    The analog formula to the above generalization of Euler's formula for Pauli matrices, the group element in terms of spin matrices, is tractable, but less simple. [ 7 ] Also useful in the quantum mechanics of multiparticle systems, the general Pauli group G n is defined to consist of all n -fold tensor products of Pauli matrices.

  3. Generalizations of Pauli matrices - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalizations_of_Pauli...

    The traditional Pauli matrices are the matrix representation of the () Lie algebra generators , , and in the 2-dimensional irreducible representation of SU(2), corresponding to a spin-1/2 particle. These generate the Lie group SU(2) .

  4. Spinors in three dimensions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinors_in_three_dimensions

    Given a unit vector in 3 dimensions, for example (a, b, c), one takes a dot product with the Pauli spin matrices to obtain a spin matrix for spin in the direction of the unit vector. The eigenvectors of that spin matrix are the spinors for spin-1/2 oriented in the direction given by the vector. Example: u = (0.8, -0.6, 0) is a unit vector ...

  5. Spin (physics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)

    [34] [6] In 1927, Pauli formalized the theory of spin using the theory of quantum mechanics invented by Erwin Schrödinger and Werner Heisenberg. He pioneered the use of Pauli matrices as a representation of the spin operators and introduced a two-component spinor wave-function. Pauli's theory of spin was non-relativistic.

  6. Spin matrix - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_matrix

    Pauli matrices, also called the "Pauli spin matrices". Generalizations of Pauli matrices; Gamma matrices, which can be represented in terms of the Pauli matrices.

  7. Lévy-Leblond equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lévy-Leblond_equation

    For a nonrelativistic spin-1/2 particle of mass m, a representation of the time-independent Lévy-Leblond equation reads: [1] {+ = + =where c is the speed of light, E is the nonrelativistic particle energy, = is the momentum operator, and = (,,) is the vector of Pauli matrices, which is proportional to the spin operator =.

  8. Pauli exclusion principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle

    Atoms can have different overall spin, which determines whether they are fermions or bosons: for example, helium-3 has spin 1/2 and is therefore a fermion, whereas helium-4 has spin 0 and is a boson. [ 2 ] : 123–125 The Pauli exclusion principle underpins many properties of everyday matter, from its large-scale stability to the chemical ...

  9. Eigenspinor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenspinor

    In quantum mechanics, eigenspinors are thought of as basis vectors representing the general spin state of a particle. Strictly speaking, they are not vectors at all, but in fact spinors. For a single spin 1/2 particle, they can be defined as the eigenvectors of the Pauli matrices.