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Abrasion resistant steel undergoes a two-step heat treatment process called quenching and tempering, which alters the steel's grain structure to increase hardness and toughness. [ 2 ] During the quenching phase, the steel is heated to an above-critical temperature and is then rapidly cooled with water.
Advanced Modular Armor Protection (AMAP) is modular composite armour concept, developed by the German company IBD Deisenroth Engineering, since 2019 part of Rheinmetall Protection Systems. According to IBD AMAP is a 4th generation composite armour, making use of nano-ceramics and modern steel alloy technologies. [ 1 ]
Therefore, toughness of titanium alloy is decreased. Multiple vacuum arc melting (VAR) technique can be used to minimize the oxygen content and increase the toughness of the alloy. Similarly, phosphorus in steels can decrease toughness dramatically. Phosphorus can segregate on grain boundary and lead to intergranular fracture. [6]
Tempering is a process of heat treating, which is used to increase the toughness of iron-based alloys. Tempering is usually performed after hardening , to reduce some of the excess hardness , and is done by heating the metal to some temperature below the critical point for a certain period of time, then allowing it to cool in still air.
The Charpy impact test allowed arsenal researchers to verify that armor steels were properly heat treated to exhibit sufficient toughness for armor use. While industry doubted the reliability of the Charpy test results, Watertown Arsenal researchers believed that the test could help determine the service fitness of gun steels, armor plate ...
An illustration of why sloped armour offers no weight benefit when protecting a certain frontal area. Comparing a vertical slab of armour (left) and a section of 45° sloped armour (right), the horizontal distance through the armour (black arrows) is the same, but the normal thickness of the sloped armour (green arrow) is less.
Toughness is the strength with which the material opposes rupture. One definition of material toughness is the amount of energy per unit volume that a material can absorb before rupturing. This measure of toughness is different from that used for fracture toughness, which describes the capacity of materials to resist fracture. [2]
The material is very resistant to abrasion and will achieve up to three times its surface hardness during conditions of impact, without any increase in brittleness which is usually associated with hardness. [2] This allows mangalloy to retain its toughness. Most steels contain 0.15 to 0.8% manganese. High strength alloys often contain 1 to 1.8% ...