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The electron transport chain is responsible for establishing a pH and electrochemical gradient that facilitates the production of ATP through the pumping of protons. The gradient also provides control of the concentration of ions such as Ca 2+ driven by the mitochondrial membrane potential. [ 1 ]
The amount of ethylene produced [by the apple] is very small—perhaps of the order of 1 cubic centimetre during the whole life-history of the fruit; and the cause of its prodigious biological activity in such small concentration is a problem for further research. Its production by apple ceases or is very much reduced in the absence of oxygen. [16]
Ethane is only very sparingly soluble in water. The bond parameters of ethane have been measured to high precision by microwave spectroscopy and electron diffraction: r C−C = 1.528(3) Å, r C−H = 1.088(5) Å, and ∠CCH = 111.6(5)° by microwave and r C−C = 1.524(3) Å, r C−H = 1.089(5) Å, and ∠CCH = 111.9(5)° by electron ...
Recombination between non-sister chromosomes at meiosis is known to be a recombinational repair process that can repair double-strand breaks and other types of double-strand damage. [2] In contrast, recombination between sister chromosomes cannot repair double-strand damages arising prior to the replication which produced them.
In the presence of water, the biflagellate sperm from the antheridia swim to the archegonia and fertilisation occurs, leading to the production of a diploid sporophyte. The sporophyte grows up from the archegonium. Its body comprises a long stalk topped by a capsule within which spore-producing cells undergo meiosis to form haploid spores.
In 2011 the OEC of PSII was resolved to a level of 1.9Å revealing five oxygen atoms serving as oxo bridges linking the five metal atoms and four water molecules bound to the Mn 4 CaO 5 cluster; more than 1,300 water molecules were found in each photosystem II monomer, some forming extensive hydrogen-bonding networks that may serve as channels ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 19 December 2024. Process in which chromosomes are replicated and separated into two new identical nuclei For the type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms used to produce gametes, see Meiosis. For excessive constriction of the pupils, see Miosis. For the parasitic infestation, see Myiasis ...
Mitochondria are produced from the transcription and translation of genes both in the nuclear genome and in the mitochondrial genome. The majority of mitochondrial protein comes from the nuclear genome, while the mitochondrial genome encodes parts of the electron transport chain along with mitochondrial rRNA and tRNA.