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Combinatorics is an area of mathematics primarily concerned with counting, both as a means and as an end to obtaining results, and certain properties of finite structures.It is closely related to many other areas of mathematics and has many applications ranging from logic to statistical physics and from evolutionary biology to computer science.
In computational complexity theory, Karp's 21 NP-complete problems are a set of computational problems which are NP-complete.In his 1972 paper, "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems", [1] Richard Karp used Stephen Cook's 1971 theorem that the boolean satisfiability problem is NP-complete [2] (also called the Cook-Levin theorem) to show that there is a polynomial time many-one reduction ...
Annals of Combinatorics is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in combinatorics. It was established in 1997 [ 1 ] by William Chen [ 2 ] and is published by Birkhäuser . The journal publishes articles in combinatorics and related areas with a focus on algebraic combinatorics , analytic combinatorics , graph theory ...
Combinatorics has always played an important role in quantum field theory and statistical physics. [3] However, combinatorial physics only emerged as a specific field after a seminal work by Alain Connes and Dirk Kreimer , [ 4 ] showing that the renormalization of Feynman diagrams can be described by a Hopf algebra .
Combinatorics, a MathWorld article with many references. Combinatorics, from a MathPages.com portal. The Hyperbook of Combinatorics, a collection of math articles links. The Two Cultures of Mathematics by W. T. Gowers, article on problem solving vs theory building
This early version of the law is known today as either Bernoulli's theorem or the weak law of large numbers, as it is less rigorous and general than the modern version. [27] After these four primary expository sections, almost as an afterthought, Bernoulli appended to Ars Conjectandi a tract on calculus, which concerned infinite series. [16]
A very closely related topic is geometric group theory, which today largely subsumes combinatorial group theory, using techniques from outside combinatorics besides. It also comprises a number of algorithmically insoluble problems, most notably the word problem for groups; and the classical Burnside problem.
Combinatorial matrix theory is a branch of linear algebra and combinatorics that studies matrices in terms of the patterns of nonzeros and of positive and negative values in their coefficients. [1] [2] [3] Concepts and topics studied within combinatorial matrix theory include: (0,1)-matrix, a matrix whose coefficients are all 0 or 1