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A peripheral using the PCI-SIG PCIe Address Translation Services (ATS) Page Request Interface (PRI) extension can detect and signal the need for memory manager services. For system architectures in which port I/O is a distinct address space from the memory address space, an IOMMU is not used when the CPU communicates with devices via I/O ports ...
The vast majority of Intel server chips of the Xeon E3, Xeon E5, and Xeon E7 product lines support VT-d. The first—and least powerful—Xeon to support VT-d was the E5502 launched Q1'09 with two cores at 1.86 GHz on a 45 nm process. [2]
The graphics address remapping table (GART), [1] also known as the graphics aperture remapping table, [2] or graphics translation table (GTT), [3] is an I/O memory management unit (IOMMU) used by Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) and PCI Express (PCIe) graphics cards.
If the address field is non-zero, it is a disk address of the block, which has previously been rolled out — the block is fetched from disk, the pbit is set to one and the physical memory address updated to point to the block in memory. This makes descriptors equivalent to a page-table entry in an MMU system, but descriptors are free of a table.
IOMMU hardware-based GPU isolation support, increasing security by restricting GPU access to system memory. GPU paravirtualization support, enabling display drivers to provide rendering capabilities to Hyper-V virtualized environments. Brightness, a new interface to support multiple displays that can be set to calibrated nit-based brightness ...
Mac OS X Tiger through Mac OS X Snow Leopard support PAE and the NX bit on IA-32 processors; Snow Leopard was the last version to support IA-32 processors. On x86-64 processors, all versions of macOS use 4-level paging (IA-32e paging rather than PAE) to address memory above 4GB. Mac Pro and Xserve systems can use up to 64 GB of RAM. [23]
If the requested address is present in the TLB, the CAM search yields a match quickly and the retrieved physical address can be used to access memory. This is called a TLB hit. If the requested address is not in the TLB, it is a miss, and the translation proceeds by looking up the page table in a process called a page walk. The page walk is ...
Memory-mapped I/O is preferred in IA-32 and x86-64 based architectures because the instructions that perform port-based I/O are limited to one register: EAX, AX, and AL are the only registers that data can be moved into or out of, and either a byte-sized immediate value in the instruction or a value in register DX determines which port is the source or destination port of the transfer.