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  2. List of NP-complete problems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NP-complete_problems

    Minor testing (checking whether an input graph contains an input graph as a minor); the same holds with topological minors; Steiner tree, or Minimum spanning tree for a subset of the vertices of a graph. [2] (The minimum spanning tree for an entire graph is solvable in polynomial time.) Modularity maximization [5]

  3. Factor graph - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_graph

    with a corresponding factor graph shown on the right. Observe that the factor graph has a cycle. If we merge (,) (,) into a single factor, the resulting factor graph will be a tree. This is an important distinction, as message passing algorithms are usually exact for trees, but only approximate for graphs with cycles.

  4. 2-factor theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-factor_theorem

    In the mathematical discipline of graph theory, the 2-factor theorem, discovered by Julius Petersen, is one of the earliest works in graph theory. It can be stated as follows: [ 1 ] Let G {\displaystyle G} be a regular graph whose degree is an even number, 2 k {\displaystyle 2k} .

  5. Computational complexity of mathematical operations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_complexity...

    Graphs of functions commonly used in the analysis of algorithms, showing the number of operations versus input size for each function. The following tables list the computational complexity of various algorithms for common mathematical operations.

  6. Multiplicative group of integers modulo n - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_group_of...

    For powers of 2 the factor (/) is not cyclic unless k = 0, 1, 2, but factors into cyclic groups as described above. The order of the group φ ( n ) {\displaystyle \varphi (n)} is the product of the orders of the cyclic groups in the direct product.

  7. Order of operations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_operations

    [2] [3] Thus, in the expression 1 + 2 × 3, the multiplication is performed before addition, and the expression has the value 1 + (2 × 3) = 7, and not (1 + 2) × 3 = 9. When exponents were introduced in the 16th and 17th centuries, they were given precedence over both addition and multiplication and placed as a superscript to the right of ...

  8. Kruskal's algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruskal's_algorithm

    Kruskal's algorithm [1] finds a minimum spanning forest of an undirected edge-weighted graph.If the graph is connected, it finds a minimum spanning tree.It is a greedy algorithm that in each step adds to the forest the lowest-weight edge that will not form a cycle. [2]

  9. Factorization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorization

    For example, 3 × 5 is an integer factorization of 15, and (x – 2)(x + 2) is a polynomial factorization of x 2 – 4. Factorization is not usually considered meaningful within number systems possessing division, such as the real or complex numbers, since any can be trivially written as () (/) whenever is not zero.