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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders encompass a range of physical and neurodevelopmental problems which can result from prenatal alcohol exposure. Diagnosis is based on the signs and symptoms in the person and evidence of alcohol use. [1] These diagnoses of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are currently recognized: Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) [1]
People with fetal alcohol syndrome, the most severe form of FASD, often struggle with cognitive function, learning and memory, concentration and focus, mood regulation, sleep and social interactions.
FASD patient usually has a combination of these problems. [11] Extent of effect depends on exposure frequency, dose and rate of ethanol elimination from amniotic fluid. FAS disrupts normal development of the fetus, which may cause certain developmental stages to be delayed, skipped, or immaturely developed. [12]
A late talker is a toddler experiencing late language emergence (LLE), [2] [3] which can also be an early or secondary sign of an autism spectrum disorder, or other developmental disorders, such as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disability, learning disability, social communication disorder, or specific language impairment.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a common disorder that can mimic the signs of ASD. [38] Although results from studies are mixed, it is estimated that 2.6% of children with an FASD have an ASD as well, a rate almost two times higher than that reported in the general US population. [39]
A 2005 study found rates of autism among children exposed to sodium valproate before birth in the cohort studied were 8.9%. [15] The normal incidence for autism in the general population in 2018 was estimated at 1 in 44 (2.3%). [16]
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Sound intensity (sound energy or propensity to cause damage to the ears) increases dramatically with proximity according to an inverse square law: halving the distance to the sound quadruples the sound intensity. In the US, 12.5% of children aged 6–19 years have permanent hearing damage from excessive noise exposure. [15]