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Jyotir Math is the uttaramnaya matha or northern monastery, one of four cardinal institutions established by Adi Shankara, the reviver of Vedic Sanatana Dharma. [1] Shankara's four principal disciples, Padma-Pada, Hasta-Malaka, Suresvaracharya and Totakacharya were assigned to these four learning centers in the north, south, east and west of India. [3]
[2] [3] Another monastery Kanchi Kamkoti Peeth in south India also derives its establishment and tradition to Adi Shankara, however its heads are called "Acharya" or "Jagadguru" instead of "Shankaracharya". The table below gives an overview of the four main Shankaracharya Amnaya Mathas reputedly founded by Adi Shankara, and their details. [4]
The exact dates of birth of Adi Shankaracharya believed by four monasteries are Dvārakā at 491 BCE, [note 8] Jyotirmath at 485 BCE, Jagannatha Puri at 484 BCE and Sringeri at 483 BCE. [42] while according to the Kanchipuram Peetham Adi Shankara was born in Kali 2593 (509 BCE). [43] [note 9]
The monk Adi Shankara organised four maṭhas to correspond to the four sites of the Char Dham: the headquarters at Dwarka in the West, Puri in the East, Sringeri Sharada Peetham in the South and Badarikashrama in the North. [10] The table below gives an overview of the four Amnaya Maṭhas founded by Adi Shankara. [11]
Shankara's four principal disciples, Padma-Pada, Hasta-Malaka, Vartika-Kara or Sureshvara and Totakacharya were assigned to these four learning centers in the north, south, east and west of India. [6] The subsequent leaders of each of these four monasteries are known as Śaṅkarāchāryas in honor of the math's founder, Adi Shankara. [7]
According to tradition, Sri Adi Shankaracharya, the principal exponent of Advaita Vedanta, established four pithams (dioceses) in India to preserve and propagate Sanatana Dharma and Advaita Vedanta. These were Sringeri Sri Sharada Peetham (Karnataka) in the South, Dvārakā Śāradā Pītham (Gujarat) in the West, Purī Govardhan Pīṭhaṃ ...
It is a four storied structure representing four peeths believed by a tradition, developed in the 14th-17th century, to be established by Shankaracharya in different parts of the country. There are paintings on the walls here depicting the life history of Shankaracharya while the dome has carvings of Shiva in different postures. [5] [6]
Modern scholarship places Shankara in the 8th century CE, and the story of the four cardinal mathas founded by Shankara dates from the 16th century, putting in question the founding stories of all those mathas, [3] though Christopher Fuller and David Smith regard the Kanchi Shankaracharyas as his "spiritual descendants."