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The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a scientometric index calculated by Clarivate that reflects the yearly mean number of citations of articles published in the last two years in a given journal, as indexed by Clarivate's Web of Science.
The values for Nature journals lie well above the expected ca. 1:1 linear dependence because those journals contain a significant fraction of editorials. CiteScore was designed to compete with the two-year JCR impact factor, which is currently the most widely used journal metric. [7] [8] Their main differences are as follows: [9]
Medieval technology is the technology used in medieval Europe under Christian rule. After the Renaissance of the 12th century , medieval Europe saw a radical change in the rate of new inventions, innovations in the ways of managing traditional means of production, and economic growth. [ 2 ]
Article-level metrics are citation metrics which measure the usage and impact of individual scholarly articles. The most common article-level citation metric is the number of citations. [1] Field-weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) by Scopus divides the total citations by the average number of citations for an article in the scientific field. [2]
The Scientific Revolution was built upon the foundation of ancient Greek learning and science in the Middle Ages, as it had been elaborated and further developed by Roman/Byzantine science and medieval Islamic science. [6] Some scholars have noted a direct tie between "particular aspects of traditional Christianity" and the rise of science.
In 2010, a criticism was voiced pointing toward certain deficiencies of the journal impact factor calculation process, based on Thomson Reuters Web of Science, such as: journal citation distributions usually are highly skewed towards established journals; journal impact factor properties are field-specific and can be easily manipulated by ...
A source book in medieval science. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-82360-5. Hannam, James (2011). The Genesis of Science: How the Christian Middle Ages Launched the Scientific Revolution. Washington, DC: Regnery. p. 454. ISBN 978-1-59698-155-3. Huff, Toby E. (2003). The rise of early modern science: Islam, China, and the West ...
Girls Coming to Tech!: A History of American Engineering Education for Women (MIT Press, 2014) Hill, Donald. A history of engineering in classical and medieval times (Routledge, 2013), on Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, and Arabs; Landels, John G. Engineering in the Ancient World (University of California Press, 2000, rev. ed.) ISBN 978-0-520-22782-8