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Symptoms depend on the type of thalassemia and can vary from none to severe. Often there is mild to severe anemia (low red blood cells or hemoglobin) as thalassemia can affect the production of red blood cells and also affect how long the red blood cells live. Symptoms of anemia include feeling tired and having pale skin.
Individuals with TEC have a median age of presentation of 18–26 months; however, the disorder may occur in infants younger than 6 months and in children as old as age 10 years. Because of the gradual onset of the anemia, children are often healthier than expected from their low hemoglobin levels. [citation needed]
This is a life-threatening disorder that is a characteristic of aplastic anemia. [3] There are also two general causes of cytopenia: autoimmune and refractory. Autoimmune cytopenia is caused by an autoimmune disease when your body produces antibodies to destroy the healthy blood cells.
Chédiak–Higashi syndrome [1] (CHS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that arises from a mutation of a lysosomal trafficking regulator protein, [2] which leads to a decrease in phagocytosis. The decrease in phagocytosis results in recurrent pyogenic infections, albinism , and peripheral neuropathy .
Symptoms of hemolytic anemia are similar to the general signs of anemia. [2] General signs and symptoms include fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, and tachycardia. [2] In small children, failure to thrive may occur in any form of anemia. [6] [7] In addition, symptoms related to hemolysis may be present such as chills, jaundice, dark urine ...
Stage 3 – Anemia (reduced hemoglobin levels) is present but red blood cell appearance remains normal. [4] Stage 4 – Changes in the appearance of red blood cells are the hallmark of this stage; first microcytosis and then hypochromia develop. [4] Stage 5 – Iron deficiency begins to affect tissues, manifesting as symptoms and signs. [4]
Hexokinase deficiency manifests is associated with chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. [3] Hemolytic anemia seems to be the only clinical sign of hexokinase deficiency. [4] In 1967 the first case of hexokinase deficiency was described by Valentine et al, [5] since then, less than 50 cases have been reported. [6]
Iron-deficiency anemia is anemia caused by a lack of iron. [3] Anemia is defined as a decrease in the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. [3] When onset is slow, symptoms are often vague such as feeling tired, weak, short of breath, or having decreased ability to exercise. [1]