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A neuromuscular junction (or myoneural junction) is a chemical synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. [1] It allows the motor neuron to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction. [2] Muscles require innervation to function—and even just to maintain muscle tone, avoiding atrophy.
The direct pathway passes through the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus, which are parts of the basal ganglia.It also involves another basal ganglia component the substantia nigra, a part of the midbrain. [2]
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the most well-characterized synapse in that it provides a simple and accessible structure that allows for easy manipulation and observation. The synapse itself is composed of three cells: the motor neuron , the myofiber , and the Schwann cell .
(b) A functional electrical stimulation system injects electrical current into the cell. (c) The intact but dormant axon receives the stimulus and propagates an action potential to (d) the neuromuscular junction. (e) The corresponding muscle fibers contract and generate (f) muscle force. (g) A train of negative pulses is produced.
Nerve conduction studies can only diagnose diseases on the muscular and nerve level. They cannot detect disease in the spinal cord or the brain. In most disorders of the muscle, nerve, or neuromuscular junction, the latency time is increased. [12] This is a result of decreased nerve conduction or electrical stimulation at the site of the muscle.
Neuromuscular junction diseases in this category include snake venom poisoning, botulism, arthropod poisoning, organophosphates and hypermagnesemia.(reference 13) Organophosphates are present in many insecticides and herbicides. They are also the basis of many nerve gases.(reference 27) Hypermagnesmia is a condition where the balance of ...
In the muscle-type receptors, found at the neuromuscular junction, receptors are either the embryonic form, composed of α 1, β 1, γ, and δ subunits in a 2:1:1:1 ratio ((α 1) 2 β 1 γδ), or the adult form composed of α 1, β 1, δ, and ε subunits in a 2:1:1:1 ratio ((α 1) 2 β 1 δε).
Reciprocal inhibition is a neuromuscular process in which muscles on one side of a joint relax to allow the contraction of muscles on the opposite side, enabling smooth and coordinated movement. [1] This concept, introduced by Charles Sherrington , a pioneering neuroscientist , is also referred to as reflexive antagonism in some allied health ...