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Diclofenac, sold under the brand name Voltaren among others, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain and inflammatory diseases such as gout. [6] [9] It can be taken orally (swallowed by mouth), inserted rectally as a suppository, injected intramuscularly, injected intravenously, applied to the skin topically, or through eye drops.
The pharmacology of antidepressants is not entirely clear.. The earliest and probably most widely accepted scientific theory of antidepressant action is the monoamine hypothesis (which can be traced back to the 1950s), which states that depression is due to an imbalance (most often a deficiency) of the monoamine neurotransmitters (namely serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine). [1]
Antidepressants could increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior in people with depression under the age of 25. In 2004, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration along with the Neuro-Psychopharmacologic Advisory Committee and the Anti-Infective Drugs Advisory Committee, concluded that there was a causal link between newer antidepressants and pediatric suicidality. [7]
A 2021 Cochrane review concluded that, for children and adolescents, SSRIs "may reduce depression symptoms in a small and unimportant way compared with placebo." [ 20 ] However, it also noted significant methodological limitations that make drawing definitive conclusions about efficacy difficult.
In the United States, meloxicam is approved for use only in canines, whereas (due to concerns about liver damage) it carries warnings against its use in cats [169] [170] except for one-time use during surgery. [171] In spite of these warnings, meloxicam is frequently prescribed "off-label" for non-canine animals including cats and livestock ...
The IRB must ensure that the assent process is appropriate for children. A child cannot legally give informed consent but they must be given the opportunity to decline. A parent or guardian legally consents to the child's participation. Additional safeguards exist for "wards of the state" such as orphans.
Monoamines are connected to the pathophysiology of depression. Symptoms may occur because concentrations of neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine and serotonin, are insufficient, leading to downstream changes. [10] [25] Medications for depression affect the transmission of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. [10]
Animal models of depression are research tools used to investigate depression and action of antidepressants. They are used as a simulation to investigate the symptomatology and pathophysiology of depressive illness and to screen novel antidepressants. These models provide insights into molecular, genetic, and epigenetic factors associated with ...