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  2. ATP hydrolysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_hydrolysis

    Structure of ATP Structure of ADP Four possible resonance structures for inorganic phosphate. ATP hydrolysis is the catabolic reaction process by which chemical energy that has been stored in the high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released after splitting these bonds, for example in muscles, by producing work in the form of mechanical energy.

  3. Glycolysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis

    d -Glucose + 2 [NAD] + + 2 [ADP] + 2 [P] i 2 × Pyruvate 2 × + 2 [NADH] + 2 H + + 2 [ATP] + 2 H 2 O Glycolysis pathway overview The use of symbols in this equation makes it appear unbalanced with respect to oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms, and charges. Atom balance is maintained by the two phosphate (P i) groups: Each exists in the form of a hydrogen phosphate anion, dissociating to contribute ...

  4. Adenosine triphosphate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate

    The hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate ATP 4-(aq) + H 2 O (l) = ADP 3-(aq) + HPO 2-(aq) + H + (aq) releases 20.5 kilojoules per mole (4.9 kcal/mol) of enthalpy. This may differ under physiological conditions if the reactant and products are not exactly in these ionization states. [15]

  5. Uncoupler - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncoupler

    The result is that the cell or mitochondrion expends energy to generate a proton-motive force, but the proton-motive force is dissipated before the ATP synthase can recapture this energy and use it to make ATP. Because the intracellular supply of protons is replenished, uncouplers actually stimulate cellular metabolism and oxygen consumption ...

  6. High-energy phosphate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-energy_phosphate

    The squiggle notation was invented by Fritz Albert Lipmann, who first proposed ATP as the main energy transfer molecule of the cell, in 1941. [4] Lipmann's notation emphasizes the special nature of these bonds. [5] Stryer states: ATP is often called a high energy compound and its phosphoanhydride bonds are referred to as high-energy bonds.

  7. Citric acid cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle

    Products of the first turn of the cycle are one GTP (or ATP), three NADH, one FADH 2 and two CO 2. Because two acetyl-CoA molecules are produced from each glucose molecule, two cycles are required per glucose molecule. Therefore, at the end of two cycles, the products are: two GTP, six NADH, two FADH 2, and four CO 2. [18]

  8. Futile cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futile_cycle

    That is, hydrolysis of ATP without any useful metabolic work being done. Clearly, if these two reactions were allowed to proceed simultaneously at a high rate in the same cell, a large amount of chemical energy would be dissipated as heat. This uneconomical process has therefore been called a futile cycle. [5]

  9. Cellular respiration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respiration

    According to some newer sources, the ATP yield during aerobic respiration is not 36–38, but only about 30–32 ATP molecules / 1 molecule of glucose [12], because: ATP : NADH+H + and ATP : FADH 2 ratios during the oxidative phosphorylation appear to be not 3 and 2, but 2.5 and 1.5 respectively.