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The following metabolic pathways are all strongly reliant on glycolysis as a source of metabolites: and many more. Pentose phosphate pathway , which begins with the dehydrogenation of glucose-6-phosphate , the first intermediate to be produced by glycolysis, produces various pentose sugars, and NADPH for the synthesis of fatty acids and ...
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) is one of the most important regulatory enzymes (EC 2.7.1.11) of glycolysis. It is an allosteric enzyme made of 4 subunits and controlled by many activators and inhibitors. PFK-1 catalyzes the important "committed" step of glycolysis, the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate and ATP to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and ...
Glycolysis can be regulated at different steps of the process through feedback regulation. The step that is regulated the most is the third step. This regulation is to ensure that the body is not over-producing pyruvate molecules. The regulation also allows for the storage of glucose molecules into fatty acids. [5]
Examples of catabolic processes include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the breakdown of muscle protein in order to use amino acids as substrates for gluconeogenesis, the breakdown of fat in adipose tissue to fatty acids, and oxidative deamination of neurotransmitters by monoamine oxidase.
If oxygen is not present, then ATP production is restricted to anaerobic respiration. The location where glycolysis, aerobic or anaerobic, occurs is in the cytosol of the cell. In glycolysis, a six-carbon glucose molecule is split into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvate. These carbon molecules are oxidized into NADH and ATP. For the ...
Among the hexose substrates are mannose, fructose, and glucosamine, but the affinity of glucokinase for these requires concentrations not found in cells for significant activity. [8] Nonetheless, the specificity for glucose is much less clear than was long thought, and by the usual criteria for specificity fructose is a good substrate.
It can also not be converted to pyruvate as the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction is irreversible. [11] Instead it condenses with oxaloacetate, to enter the citric acid cycle. During each turn of the cycle, two carbon atoms leave the cycle as CO 2 in the decarboxylation reactions catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate ...
For the following analysis, the flux will be the observed variable in response to changes in enzyme concentrations. There are two possible extremes to consider, either most of the flux goes through the upper branch or most of the flux goes through the lower branch, . The former, depicted in panel a), is the least interesting as it converts the ...