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Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomycete Streptomyces lincolnensis. [3] A related compound, clindamycin, is derived from lincomycin by using thionyl chloride to replace the 7-hydroxy group with a chlorine atom with inversion of chirality. [4] It was released for medical use in September 1964. [5]
Narrow-spectrum antibiotics have low propensity to induce bacterial resistance and are less likely to disrupt the microbiome (normal microflora). [3] On the other hand, indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics may not only induce the development of bacterial resistance and promote the emergency of multidrug-resistant organisms, but also cause off-target effects due to dysbiosis.
Piperacillin is a broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic of the ureidopenicillin class. [1] The chemical structure of piperacillin and other ureidopenicillins incorporates a polar side chain that enhances penetration into Gram-negative bacteria and reduces susceptibility to cleavage by Gram-negative beta lactamase enzymes.
Dicloxacillin is a narrow-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class. [1] It is used to treat infections caused by susceptible (non-resistant) Gram-positive bacteria . [ 1 ] It is active against beta-lactamase -producing organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus , which would otherwise be resistant to most penicillins .
Glycopeptide antibiotics are a class of drugs of microbial origin that are composed of glycosylated cyclic or polycyclic nonribosomal peptides.Significant glycopeptide antibiotics include the anti-infective antibiotics vancomycin, teicoplanin, telavancin, ramoplanin, avoparcin and decaplanin, corbomycin, complestatin and the antitumor antibiotic bleomycin.
Lincosamides are often used clinically as an alternative antibiotic for patients who are allergic to penicillin. Of the lincosamides, clindamycin is most commonly used within the clinic due to its higher bioavailability, higher oral absorption and efficacy within the target organism spectrum. [ 23 ]
Because of this inhibition the antibiotics are most effective when the bacteria are in the logarithmic phase of growth, where then they are synthesizing the cell wall. If the bacteria are in the stationary phase of growth, then there is no wall synthesizing in progress, and the antibiotics have much lower effect. [3]
Amikacin is an antibiotic medication used for a number of bacterial infections. [9] This includes joint infections, intra-abdominal infections, meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis, and urinary tract infections. [9] It is also used for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. [10] It is used by injection into a vein using an IV or into a ...