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In 1983, an incidence of myocarditis of 1 per 10 000 was reported among Finnish military personnel. [4] Among US military service members vaccinated between December 2002 and March 2003 with Dryvax smallpox vaccine 18 cases of probable myopericarditis were reported, which was an incidence of 7.8 per 100 000 over 30 days.
Myocarditis is defined as inflammation of the myocardium. Myocarditis can progress to inflammatory cardiomyopathy when there are associated ventricular remodeling and cardiac dysfunction due to chronic inflammation. [6] [7] Symptoms can include shortness of breath, chest pain, decreased ability to exercise, and an irregular heartbeat. [1]
In 2015 cardiomyopathy and myocarditis affected 2.5 million people. [6] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy affects about 1 in 500 people while dilated cardiomyopathy affects 1 in 2,500. [3] [10] They resulted in 354,000 deaths up from 294,000 in 1990. [7] [11] Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia is more common in young people. [2]
[32] [33] HAART has reduced the incidence of myocarditis thus reducing the prevalence of HIV-associated cardiomyopathy by about 30% in developed countries. [34] [35] However, the prevalence in developing countries is 32% and increasing as HAART is scarce – not to mention the effects of other risk factors such as high cholesterol and lipid ...
Viral cardiomyopathy occurs when viral infections cause myocarditis with a resulting thickening of the myocardium and dilation of the ventricles. These viruses include Coxsackie B and adenovirus, echoviruses, influenza H1N1, Epstein–Barr virus, rubella (German measles virus), varicella (chickenpox virus), mumps, measles, parvoviruses, yellow fever, dengue fever, polio, rabies, and the ...
Women who use combined oral contraceptive pills have a modestly increased risk of myocardial infarction, especially in the presence of other risk factors. [60] The use of non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), even for as short as a week, increases risk. [61] Endometriosis in women under the age of 40 is an identified risk factor. [62]
This procedure has significant risk involved, [14] with mortality rates of 6% or higher in major referral centers. [15] A poor outcome is almost always the result after a pericardiectomy is performed for constrictive pericarditis whose origin was radiation-induced, further some patients may develop heart failure post-operatively. [16]
Eosinophilic myocarditis is often viewed as a disorder that has three progressive stages. The first stage of eosinophilic myocarditis involves acute inflammation and cardiac cell necrosis (i.e. areas of dead cells); it is dominated by symptoms characterized as the acute coronary syndrome such as angina, heart attack and/or congestive heart failure.