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It is commonly observed that schooling fish are particularly in danger of being eaten if they are separated from the school. [4] Several anti-predator functions of fish schools have been proposed. One potential method by which fish schools might thwart predators is the "predator confusion effect" proposed and demonstrated by Milinski and Heller ...
Fish School Search (FSS), proposed by Bastos Filho and Lima Neto in 2008 is, in its basic version, [1] an unimodal optimization algorithm inspired on the collective behavior of fish schools. The mechanisms of feeding and coordinated movement were used as inspiration to create the search operators.
A bait ball, or baitball, occurs when small fish swarm in a tightly packed spherical formation about a common centre. [1] It is a last-ditch defensive measure adopted by small schooling fish when they are threatened by predators. Small schooling fish are eaten by many types of predators, and for this reason they are called bait fish or forage fish.
The lateral line system allows the detection of movement, vibration, and pressure gradients in the water surrounding an animal. It plays an essential role in orientation, predation, and fish schooling by providing spatial awareness and the ability to navigate in the environment. [1]
For example, the minimum length in Florida for schoolmaster snapper is 10 in (250 mm) total length with a catch limit of 10 per fisherman per day. However, the 10-fish limit is an aggregate for all species of snapper. [12] Light spinning and baitcasting tackle are used to fish for schoolmaster snapper.
The giant trevally is a solitary fish once it reaches sexual maturity, [19] only schooling for the purposes of reproduction and more rarely for feeding. [21] Juveniles and subadults commonly school, both in marine and estuarine environments.
That same year, Gruber and team were again featured in an article in National Geographic [24] for their discovery of flashlight fish schooling at night using their bioluminescent organs, which opened up the possibility that schooling fish may inhabit even the deep sea, [25] and Gruber led the first study to apply advanced deep machine learning ...
A school is a much more tightly organised group, synchronising its swimming so that all fish move at the same speed and in the same direction. [95] Schooling is sometimes an antipredator adaptation, offering improved vigilance against predators. It is often more efficient to gather food by working as a group, and individual fish optimise their ...