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Low back pain is not a specific disease but rather a complaint that may be caused by a large number of underlying problems of varying levels of seriousness. [30] The majority of low back pain does not have a clear cause [1] but is believed to be the result of non-serious muscle or skeletal issues such as sprains or strains. [31]
Spinal manipulation appears to provide similar effects to other recommended treatments for chronic low back pain. [57] There is no evidence it is more effective than other therapies or sham, or as an adjunct to other treatments, for acute low back pain [58] "Back school" is an intervention that consists of both education and physical exercises.
[1] [2] Waddell's signs may indicate non-organic or psychological component to chronic low back pain. Historically they have also been used to detect malingering in patients with back pain. While testing takes less than one minute, [2] it has been described as time-consuming and alternatives have been proposed. [3]
It was established in 1985 and covers research on all aspects of pain management. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 2.893, ranking it 13th out of 29 journals in the category "Anesthesiology" [1] and 82nd out of 191 journals in the category "Clinical Neurology". [2]
The McKenzie method is a technique primarily used in physical therapy.It was developed in the late 1950s by New Zealand physiotherapist Robin McKenzie. [1] [2] [3] In 1981 he launched the concept which he called "Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy (MDT)" – a system encompassing assessment, diagnosis and treatment for the spine and extremities.
Over-diagnosis and attention on herniated discs has led to the SI joint becoming an underappreciated pain generator in an estimated 15% to 25% of patients with axial low back pain. [1] [8] [3] [5] [6] [7] The ligaments in the sacroiliac are among the strongest in the body and are not suspected by many clinicians to be susceptible to spraining ...
The journal was established in 1992 as the APS Journal and was renamed Pain Forum in 1995 before obtaining its current name in 2000, with volume numbering restarting at 1. In December 2019, following the bankruptcy of the American Pain Society, the newly formed United States Association for the Study of Pain purchased the journal.
It has been well documented that fear does cause a decrease in pain response, [6] however much like the exercise induced hypoalgesia, the exact mechanisms of action are not well understood. Studies have shown that opioids are definitely involved in the process, yet opiates alone do not completely explain the analgesic response.