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Thus a current mirror consists of two cascaded equal converters (the first – reversed and the second – direct). Figure 1: A current mirror implemented with n–p–n bipolar transistors using a resistor to set the reference current I REF; V CC is a positive voltage.
PLate OPtimizer, or PLOP is a CAD program used by amateur telescope makers to design primary mirror support cells for reflecting telescopes.It was developed by telescope maker David Lewis, first described in 1999, [1] and used to simplify calculations needed in the design of mirror support cells. [2]
A modified version of the cascode can also be used as a modulator, particularly for amplitude modulation. The upper device supplies the audio signal, and the lower is the RF amplifier device. High-voltage stack. A cascode may also be combined with a voltage ladder to form a high-voltage transistor.
Fig. 1: Wilson current mirror Fig. 2: Wilson current source. There are three principal metrics of how well a current mirror will perform as part of a larger circuit. The first measure is the static error, i.e., the difference between the input and output currents expressed as a fraction of the input current.
Another major drawback is the amplifier's limited high-frequency response. Therefore, in practice the output often is routed through either a voltage follower (common-drain or CD stage), or a current follower (common-gate or CG stage), to obtain more favorable output and frequency characteristics. The CS–CG combination is called a cascode ...
EAGLE is a scriptable electronic design automation (EDA) application with schematic capture, printed circuit board (PCB) layout, auto-router and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) features. EAGLE stands for Easily Applicable Graphical Layout Editor (German: Einfach Anzuwendender Grafischer Layout-Editor) and is developed by CadSoft Computer GmbH.
The current gain is unity, so the same current is delivered to the output load R L, producing by Ohm's law an output voltage v out = v Thév R L / R S, that is, the first form of the voltage gain above. In the second case R S << 1/g m and the Thévenin representation of the source is useful, producing the second form for the gain, typical of ...
A transconductance amplifier (g m amplifier) puts out a current proportional to its input voltage. In network analysis, the transconductance amplifier is defined as a voltage controlled current source (VCCS). These amplifiers are commonly seen installed in a cascode configuration, which improves the frequency response.