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Survey, often with a random sample (see survey sampling) Twin study; Research designs vary according to the period(s) of time over which data are collected: Retrospective cohort study: Participants are chosen, then data are collected about their past experiences.
Voting behavior is significantly influenced by retrospective assessments of government performance, which should be differentiated from the influence of policy issues. [43] Different opinions on what the government ought to do are involved in policy concerns, which are prospective or based on what will happen.
In political science, economic voting is a theoretical perspective which argues that voter behavior is heavily influenced by the economic conditions in their country at the time of the election. According to the classical form of this perspective, voters tend to vote more in favor of the incumbent candidate and party when the economy is doing ...
The voting paradox, for example, points out that it cannot be in a citizen's self-interest to vote because the effort it takes to vote will almost always outweigh the benefits of voting, particularly considering a single vote is unlikely to change an electoral outcome. Political scientists instead propose that citizens vote for psychological or ...
Some research suggests a 'blue retrospective' which also exaggerates negative emotions. Though it is a cognitive bias which distorts one's view of reality , it is suggested that rosy retrospection serves a useful purpose in increasing self-esteem and sense of well-being .
A third problem that can complicate issue voting is if there are multiple issues that are equally salient to the voter. [48] A candidate may have a similar position to a given voter on one issue, but may take a considerably different stance on another. [49] [50] An example of this occurred in the 2008 US presidential election.
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The altruism theory of voting is a model of voter behavior which states that if citizens in a democracy have "social" preferences for the welfare of others, the extremely low probability of a single vote determining an election will be outweighed by the large cumulative benefits society will receive from the voter's preferred policy being enacted, such that it is rational for an “altruistic ...