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A copper retort A glass retort. In a chemistry laboratory, a retort is a device used for distillation or dry distillation of substances. It consists of a spherical vessel with a long downward-pointing neck. The liquid to be distilled is placed in the vessel and heated.
The simplest standard distillation apparatus is commonly known as a pot still, consisting of a single heated chamber and a vessel to collect purified alcohol. A pot still incorporates only one condensation, whereas other types of distillation equipment have multiple stages which result in higher purification of the more volatile component ...
A simple short path vacuum distillation apparatus can be used for bulb-to-bulb distillation. 1: Still pot with stirrer bar/anti-bumping granules 2: Cold finger - Condenser with maximum surface to condense most of the vapour. 3: Cooling water outlet 4: cooling water inlet 5: Vacuum Adapter 6: Receiving Flask.
Pot stills at the Lagavulin Distillery. A pot still is a type of distillation apparatus or still used to distill liquors such as whisky or brandy.In modern (post-1850s) practice, they are not used to produce rectified spirit, because they do not separate congeners from ethanol as effectively as other distillation methods.
Gold-copper ore, concentrated and leached 16 (2018) [6] 16 Lisbon Valley San Juan County, Utah: Lisbon Valley Mining Company Copper ore, open pit, heap leached 10–15 (2018) [9] 17 Miami: Gila County, Arizona: Freeport-McMoRan: Copper ore, leached 5 (2021) [2] 18 Carlota Gila County, Arizona: KGHM Polska Miedź: Porphyry copper open pit ...
The term "fire copper" originated from the "brewing copper" or "wort copper" kettles used for brewing. Before the 19th century most distillation was performed from a simple pot still developed in 800 AD by the Arab alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan .
Copper concentrate is traded either via spot contracts or under long term contracts as an intermediate product in its own right. Often the smelter sells the copper metal itself on behalf of the miner. The miner is paid the price at the time that the smelter-refiner makes the sale, not at the price on the date of delivery of the concentrate.
In a typical fractional distillation, a liquid mixture is heated in the distilling flask, and the resulting vapor rises up the fractionating column (see Figure 1). The vapor condenses on glass spurs (known as theoretical trays or theoretical plates) inside the column, and returns to the distilling flask, refluxing the rising distillate vapor ...
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