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Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) or ice structuring proteins refer to a class of polypeptides produced by certain animals, ... This is an example of a proto-ORF model, a ...
A cryoprotectant is a substance used to protect biological tissue from freezing damage (i.e. that due to ice formation). Arctic and Antarctic insects, fish and amphibians create cryoprotectants (antifreeze compounds and antifreeze proteins) in their bodies to minimize freezing damage during cold winter periods.
Proteins also play a large role in cold hardening. Glycogen phosphorylase (GlyP) is a key enzyme that increases in comparison to a control group not experiencing cold hardening. [ 8 ] Once warmer temperatures are observed, the process of acclimation begins, and the increase in the concentrations of glycerol and other cryoprotective compounds is ...
Cryobiology of plants explores the cellular and molecular adaptations plants develop to survive subzero temperatures, such as antifreeze proteins (AFP) and changes in membrane composition. Cryopreservation is a critical technique in plant cryobiology, used for the long-term storage of genetic material and the preservation of endangered species ...
An antifreeze is an additive which lowers the freezing point of a water-based liquid. An antifreeze mixture is used to achieve freezing-point depression for cold environments. Common antifreezes also increase the boiling point of the liquid, allowing higher coolant temperature. [ 1 ]
They also possess aglomerular kidneys, an adaptation that aids the retention of these antifreeze proteins. [16] While the majority of animal species have up to 45% of hemoglobin (or other oxygen-binding and oxygen-transporting pigments) in their blood, the notothenioids of the family Channichthyidae do not express any globin proteins in their ...
For example, the haemolymph of the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor contains a family of such proteins. [20] A seasonal photoperiodic timing mechanism is responsible for increasing the antifreeze protein levels with concentrations reaching their highest in the winter.
The antifreeze protein was found to inhibit ice recrystallization in the flounder blood, but had no effect when expressed in transgenic tobacco. [17] The resulting tomato was never commercialized, possibly because the transgenic plant did not perform well in its frost-tolerance or other agronomic characteristics. [ 17 ]