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The FOIL rule converts a product of two binomials into a sum of four (or fewer, if like terms are then combined) monomials. [6] The reverse process is called factoring or factorization. In particular, if the proof above is read in reverse it illustrates the technique called factoring by grouping.
The polynomial x 2 + cx + d, where a + b = c and ab = d, can be factorized into (x + a)(x + b).. In mathematics, factorization (or factorisation, see English spelling differences) or factoring consists of writing a number or another mathematical object as a product of several factors, usually smaller or simpler objects of the same kind.
Here are some examples. Every polynomial is associated to a unique monic polynomial. In particular, the unique factorization property of polynomials can be stated as: Every polynomial can be uniquely factorized as the product of its leading coefficient and a product of monic irreducible polynomials.
If two or more factors of a polynomial are identical, then the polynomial is a multiple of the square of this factor. The multiple factor is also a factor of the polynomial's derivative (with respect to any of the variables, if several). For univariate polynomials, multiple factors are equivalent to multiple roots (over a suitable extension field).
The question of when this happens is rather subtle: for example, for the localization of k[x, y, z]/(x 2 + y 3 + z 5) at the prime ideal (x, y, z), both the local ring and its completion are UFDs, but in the apparently similar example of the localization of k[x, y, z]/(x 2 + y 3 + z 7) at the prime ideal (x, y, z) the local ring is a UFD but ...
It is a polynomial in which no variable occurs to a power of or higher; that is, each monomial is a constant times a product of distinct variables. For example f ( x , y , z ) = 3 x y + 2.5 y − 7 z {\displaystyle f(x,y,z)=3xy+2.5y-7z} is a multilinear polynomial of degree 2 {\displaystyle 2} (because of the monomial 3 x y {\displaystyle 3xy ...
Now one proves by induction on the leading monomial in lexicographic order, that any nonzero homogeneous symmetric polynomial P of degree d can be written as polynomial in the elementary symmetric polynomials. Since P is symmetric, its leading monomial has weakly decreasing exponents, so it is some X λ with λ a partition of d.
It follows that, to compute in a finite field of non prime order, one needs to generate an irreducible polynomial. For this, the common method is to take a polynomial at random and test it for irreducibility. For sake of efficiency of the multiplication in the field, it is usual to search for polynomials of the shape x n + ax + b. [citation ...