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However, if an unreactive alkylating agent is used (e.g. an alkyl chloride) then the rate of reaction can be greatly improved by the addition of a catalytic quantity of a soluble iodide salt (which undergoes halide exchange with the chloride to yield a much more reactive iodide, a variant of the Finkelstein reaction).
Chloroethane, commonly known as ethyl chloride, is a chemical compound with chemical formula CH 3 CH 2 Cl, once widely used in producing tetraethyllead, a gasoline additive. It is a colorless, flammable gas or refrigerated liquid with a faintly sweet odor. [11]
For the coupling of aryl halides with aryl Grignard reagents, nickel chloride in tetrahydrofuran (THF) is also a good catalyst. Additionally, an effective catalyst for the couplings of alkyl halides is the Gilman catalyst lithium tetrachlorocuprate (Li 2 CuCl 4), prepared by mixing lithium chloride (LiCl) and copper(II) chloride (CuCl 2) in THF.
Here ethyl chloride reacts with potassium hydroxide, typically in a solvent such as ethanol, giving ethylene. Likewise, 1-chloropropane and 2-chloropropane give propene . Zaitsev's rule helps to predict regioselectivity for this reaction type.
By virtue of the two nitro substituents, the chloride in DNCB is particularly susceptible to nucleophilic substitution, at least relative to simple chlorobenzene. In this way, the compound is a precursor to many other compounds. [4] [5] [6] In one example, DNCB is as a substrate in Glutathione S-Transferase, relevant to activity assays. [7]
The classic Finkelstein reaction entails the conversion of an alkyl chloride or an alkyl bromide to an alkyl iodide by treatment with a solution of sodium iodide in acetone. Sodium iodide is soluble in acetone while sodium chloride and sodium bromide are not; [ 3 ] therefore, the reaction is driven toward products by mass action due to the ...
Similar reactions occur when tertiary phosphines are treated with alkyl halides. Menshutkin-reaction The reaction is the method of choice for the preparation of quaternary ammonium salts. [ 1 ]
Tetraethyllead was produced from ethyl chloride and a sodium–lead alloy: [11] [12] 4 NaPb + 4 CH 3 CH 2 Cl → Pb(CH 3 CH 2 ) 4 + 4 NaCl + 3 Pb Reductive dechlorination is rarely useful in chemical synthesis, but is a key step in the biodegradation of several organochlorine persistent pollutants .