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The Ziegler–Nichols tuning (represented by the 'Classic PID' equations in the table above) creates a "quarter wave decay". This is an acceptable result for some purposes, but not optimal for all applications. This tuning rule is meant to give PID loops best disturbance rejection. [2]
PID controllers often provide acceptable control using default tunings, but performance can generally be improved by careful tuning, and performance may be unacceptable with poor tuning. Usually, initial designs need to be adjusted repeatedly through computer simulations until the closed-loop system performs or compromises as desired.
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Adaptive control is the control method used by a controller which must adapt to a controlled system with parameters which vary, or are initially uncertain. [1] [2] For example, as an aircraft flies, its mass will slowly decrease as a result of fuel consumption; a control law is needed that adapts itself to such changing conditions.
The Smith predictor (invented by O. J. M. Smith in 1957) is a type of predictive controller designed to control systems with a significant feedback time delay. The idea can be illustrated as follows.
Ziegler-Nichols tuning method It is a heuristic method of tuning a PID controller. zigzag transformer A multiwinding three phase transformer, sometimes used for grounding. Z-transform A mathematical operation that converts a set of evenly spaced measurements of an analog signal into a series of frequency components.
H ∞ (i.e. "H-infinity") methods are used in control theory to synthesize controllers to achieve stabilization with guaranteed performance. To use H ∞ methods, a control designer expresses the control problem as a mathematical optimization problem and then finds the controller that solves this optimization.
In control theory, gain scheduling is an approach to control of nonlinear systems that uses a family of linear controllers, each of which provides satisfactory control for a different operating point of the system.