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Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H 2 O 2.In its pure form, it is a very pale blue [5] liquid that is slightly more viscous than water.It is used as an oxidizer, bleaching agent, and antiseptic, usually as a dilute solution (3%–6% by weight) in water for consumer use and in higher concentrations for industrial use.
The peroxide group is marked in blue. R, R 1 and R 2 mark hydrocarbon moieties. The most common peroxide is hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), colloquially known simply as "peroxide". It is marketed as solutions in water at various concentrations. Many organic peroxides are known as well. In addition to hydrogen peroxide, some other major classes of ...
The physiological importance of peroxiredoxins is indicated by their relative abundance (one of the most abundant proteins in erythrocytes after hemoglobin is peroxiredoxin 2). Their function is the reduction of peroxides, specifically hydrogen peroxide, alkyl hydroperoxides, and peroxynitrite. [1]
Many industrial peroxides are produced using hydrogen peroxide. Reactions with aldehydes and ketones yield a series of compounds depending on conditions. Specific reactions include addition of hydrogen peroxide across the C=O double bond: R 2 C=O + H 2 O 2 → R 2 C(OH)OOH. In some cases, these hydroperoxides convert to give cyclic diperoxides:
Together with its conjugate base superoxide, hydroperoxyl is an important reactive oxygen species.Unlike • O − 2, which has reducing properties, HO • 2 can act as an oxidant in a number of biologically important reactions, such as the abstraction of hydrogen atoms from tocopherol and polyunstaturated fatty acids in the lipid bilayer.
Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) is the active ingredient most commonly used in whitening products and is delivered as either hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide. [1] Hydrogen peroxide is analogous to carbamide peroxide as it is released when the stable complex is in contact with water.
In humans, lactoperoxidase is encoded by the LPO gene. [7] [8] Lactoperoxidase catalyzes the oxidation of several inorganic and many organic substrates by hydrogen peroxide. [9] These include iodide and bromide and therefore lactoperoxidase can be categorised as a haloperoxidase. Another important substrate is the pseudo-halide thiocyanate.
Glutathione peroxidases use glutathione as an electron donor and are active with both hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxide substrates. Gpx1, Gpx2, Gpx3, and Gpx4 have been shown to be selenium-containing enzymes, whereas Gpx6 is a selenoprotein in humans with cysteine-containing homologues in rodents.
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