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The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Bakke, a 1978 landmark decision, that affirmative action could be used as a determining factor in college admission policy but that the University of California, Davis School of Medicine's racial quota was discriminatory. The Court upheld this case in Grutter v. Bollinger, a 2003 landmark decision.
Harvard (2023), the Supreme Court majority ruled that race-based affirmative action in college admissions violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, with concurrences highlighting race-based affirmative action's violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act. Affirmative action remains controversial in American politics.
Affirmative action was extended to sex by Executive Order 11375 which amended Executive Order 11246 on 13 October 1967, by adding "sex" to the list of protected categories. In the U.S. affirmative action's original purpose was to pressure institutions into compliance with the nondiscrimination mandate of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
BAMN, 572 U.S. 291 (2014), was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States concerning affirmative action and race- and sex-based discrimination in public university admissions. In a 6-2 decision, the Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection Clause does not prevent states from enacting bans on affirmative ...
Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003), was a landmark case of the Supreme Court of the United States concerning affirmative action in student admissions.The Court held that a student admissions process that favors "underrepresented minority groups" did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause so long as it took into account other factors evaluated on an individual ...
Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action: 572 U.S. 291 (2014) 2014-04-22 The Michigan Civil Rights Initiative, a Michigan state constitutional amendment that bans affirmative action, does not violate the Equal Protection Clause. Town of Greece v. Galloway: 572 U.S. 565 (2014) 2014-05-05
the United States Supreme Court ruled that marriage is a fundamental right guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment, and therefore must be afforded to same-sex couples. The ruling ensured that statewide bans on same-sex marriage could not be held up as constitutional. Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard: 2023 600 U.S. 181
The Supreme Court continued to grapple with the question of affirmative action in higher education. In the 2003 case of Grutter v. Bollinger , it reaffirmed Justice Powell's opinion in Bakke in a majority opinion, thus rendering moot concerns expressed by lower courts that Bakke might not be binding precedent due to the fractured lineup of ...