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Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and androgen in males. [3] In humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testicles and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair.
Testosterone promotes prostate cell proliferation, [26] but relatively low levels of serum testosterone are found in patients with BPH. [27] [28] One small study has shown that medical castration lowers the serum and prostate hormone levels unevenly, having less effect on testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels in the prostate. [29]
[53] [56] They both suppress testosterone levels into the castrate range via their antigonadotropic effects [53] [56] and they reduce the fraction of free and bioavailable testosterone by increasing sex hormone-binding globulin levels. [54] [56] Estrogens may also have direct cytotoxic effects in the prostate gland. [53]
Early mortality may not be entirely related to low testosterone levels, but may be caused by that which lowers a man's testosterone level—such as toxin exposure and obesity. Plus, plenty of men ...
Further, those with very low levels of testosterone (below 5.3 nmol/L [153 ng/dL]) had a higher risk of dying from cardiovascular disease. Why low testosterone might increase the risk of death
So-called normal levels of testosterone are approximations, but can help researchers investigate disease and treatments. So-called normal levels of testosterone are approximations, but can help ...
A low testosterone level (hypogonadism) in men may be treated with testosterone administration. Prostate cancer may be treated by removing the major source of testosterone: testicle removal (orchiectomy); or agents which block androgens from accessing their receptor: antiandrogens.
Despite reduced testosterone levels, metastatic prostate tumors eventually continue to grow – manifested by rising blood PSA levels, and metastases to nearby bones. [62] [63] This is the most advanced stage of the disease, called castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). CRPC tumors continuously evolve resistance to treatments ...
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